胡壮麟语言学教程期末考试复习专用笔记(老师画的重点,自己整理的(3)

1.5 Functions of language

As is proposed by Jacobson, language has six functions:

1. Referential: to convey message and information;

2. Poetic: to indulge in language for its own sake;

3. Emotive: to express attitudes, feelings and emotions;

4. Conative: to persuade and influence others through

commands and entreaties;

5. Phatic: to establish communion with others;

6. Metalingual: to clear up intentions, words and meanings.

What is contextualism?

“Contextualism” is based on the presumption that one can

derive meaning from, or reduce it to, observable context: the

“situational context” and the “linguistic context”. Every

utterance occurs in a particular spatial-temporal situation,

as the following factors are related to the situational context:

(1) the speaker and the hearer; (2) the actions they are

performing at the time; (3) various external objects and events;

(4) deictic features. The “linguistic context” is another

aspect of contextualism. It considers the probability of one

word’s co-occurrence or collocation with another, which forms

part of the meaning, and an important factor in communication.

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