胡壮麟语言学教程期末考试复习专用笔记(老师画的重点,自己整理的(13)

[p] voiceless bilabial stop [b] voiced bilabial stop

[s] voiceless alveolar fricative [z] voiced alveolar

fricative

[m] bilabial nasal [n] alveolar nasal

[l] alveolar lateral [j] palatal approximant

[h] glottal fricative [r] alveolar approximant

2.5 Vowels

2.5.1 The criteria of vowel description

1. The part of the tongue that is raised – front,

center, or back.

2. The extent to which the tongue rises in the direction of

the palate. Normally, three or four degrees are recognized:

high, mid (often divided into mid-high and mid-low) and low.

3. The kind of opening made at the lips – various degrees of

lip rounding or spreading.

4. The position of the soft palate – raised for oral vowels,

and lowered for vowels which have been nasalized.

2.5.2 The theory of cardinal vowels

[Icywarmtea doesn’t quite understand this theory.]

Cardinal vowels are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily

defined, fixed and unchanging, intending to provide a frame

of reference for the description of the actual vowels of

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