胡壮麟语言学教程期末考试复习专用笔记(老师画的重点,自己整理的(11)

letter must represent more than one sound.

2.3.2 Phonetic transcription

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA): the system of symbols

for representing the pronunciation of words in any language

according to the principles of the International Phonetic

Association. The symbols consists of letters and diacritics.

Some letters are taken from the Roman alphabet, some are

special symbols.

2.4.2 Consonants

The categories of consonant are established on the basis of

several factors. The most important of these factors are:

1. the actual relationship between the articulators and thus

the way in which the air passes through certain parts of the

vocal tract (manner of articulation);

2. where in the vocal tract there is approximation, narrowing,

or the obstruction of the air (place of articulation).

2.4.3 Manners of articulation

8. Velar: A speech sound which is made with the back of the

tongue and the soft palate.

2.4.5 The consonants of English

Received Pronunciation (RP): The type of British Standard

English pronunciation which has been regarded as the prestige

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