英语语言学复习资料.(XC)(3)

6. Traditional grammar and modern linguistics(传统语法与现代语言学的区别？) Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive.

Second, modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, tended to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize, the importance of the written word.

Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.

7. Prescriptive vs. descriptive (语言学中描写性与规定性的特征是什么？)

Prescriptive and descriptive represent two different types of linguistic study. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive; if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, it is said to be prescriptive.

8. Design features of language (语言的识别特征？)

Arbitrariness随意性，productivity生产性, duality 二重性, displacement 不受时空限制的特征, cultural transmission 文化传递系统.

9. Competence and performance (语言能力与语言行为的区别？)

Competence is defined as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.

10. Organs of speech (发音器官)Pharyngeal cavity—the throat, oral cavity—the mouth, nasal cavity—the nose.

11. Word-level categories(决定词范畴的三个标准) To determine a word’s category, three criteria are usually employed, namely meaning, inflection and distribution.

1. Some rules in phonology(音位学规则)

sequential rules(序列规则)；assimilation rule (同化规则) ；deletion rule(省略规则)。

2. Suprasegmental features(超音段特征)

stress(重音)；tone(声调)；intonation(语调)。

3. Classification of English speech sounds(英语语音分类)

The classification will divide the speech sounds in English into 20 vowels and 28 consonants.

4. Phrase categories and their structures (短语的范畴和类型)noun phrase(NP),

verb phrase(VP), adjective phrase(AP), prepositional phrase(PP).

5. Morphological rules of word formation(形态学的规则)

The ways words are formed are called morphological rules. These rules determine how morphemes combine to form words.

Some of the morphological rules can be used quite freely to form new words. They are productive morphological rules.

Another way to form new words are compound words, is by stringing words together.

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