英语语言学复习资料.(XC)(2)

18. In English , closed class word are conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns. New words are not usually added to them.

19. the most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.

20. morphemes which occurs only before other morphemes. They cannot be used alone.

21. it is the morphemes which can be used alone.

22. the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features.

23. it refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence ,a noun phrase or a verb.

24. Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrases.

1. Three distinct of phonetics(语音学的三个分支？)

Articulatory phonetics发音语音学; auditory phonetics听觉语音学; acoustic phonetics声光语音学.

2. Main features of language(语言的主要特征？)

Language is a system. Language is arbitrary. Language is vocal. Language is human-specific.

3. Synchronic vs. diachronic(共识语言学与历史语言学的区别？)

Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A diachronic study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.

4. Speech and writing (言语与文字的区别？)

Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any language is always “invented” by its users to record speech when the need arises. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed, speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school. Written language is only the “revised” record of speech.

5. What are the branches of linguistic study?(语言学研究领域中的主要分支有哪些？)

1) sociolinguistics; 2) psycholinguistics; 3)applied linguistics and so on.

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