1. is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
2. is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
3. The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.
4. Phonetics(语音学) the study of sounds used in linguistic communication led to the establishment of phonetics.
5. how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication.
6. these symbols are arranged and combined to form words has constituted the branch of study called morphology.
7. then the combination of words to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages is governed by rules. The study of these rules constitutes a major branch of linguistic studies called syntax.
8. the study of meaning is known as semantics.
9. when the study of meaning is conducted, not in isolation, but in the context of language use, it becomes another branch of linguistic study called pragmatics. 10. is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.
11. is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.
12. the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones. 13. It’s a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription. The basic principle of the IPA is using one letter selected from major European languages to represent one speech sound.
14. it is a set of symbols which are added to the letter-symbols to bring out the finer distinctions. 15. one is the transcription with letter-symbols only.
16. the other is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.
17. In English , open class words are nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. We can regularly add new words to these classes.
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