新视野大学英语视听说教程第二版第三册答案(3)

If you see dead fish floating on the river or notice that the water is discolored and smelly,

you know the river has been polluted, and there are four main possible causes for it. First, fertilizer. If large amounts of fertilizer or farm waste drain into a river, the concentrations of nitrate and phosphate in the water increase considerably.Algae use these substances to grow rapidly, turning the water green.

This massive growth of algae leads to pollution. When the algae die, they are broken down by the action of the bacteria, which quickly multiply, using up all the oxygen in the water and therefore causing the death of fish.

Second, industrial waste. Factories sometimes discharge chemical waste into rivers. Examples of such pollutants include cyanide, lead, copper, and mercury. These substances may enter the water in such high concentrations that fish and other animals are killed immediately. Sometimes the pollutants enter the food chain and accumulate until they reach toxic levels, eventually killing fish and other animals. Third, oil pollution. If oil enters a slow-moving river, it forms a rainbow-colored film over the entire surface, preventing oxygen from entering the water.

Fourth, warm water. Industry often uses water for cooling processes, sometimes discharging large quantities of warm water back into rivers. A higher temperature of the water lowers the level of dissolved oxygen and upsets the balance of life in the water.

Keys:1.D 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.D

Task3: Curbing carbon emissions Script:

Although it is not an easy task, China is striving to fulfill the promise to cut its carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP by 40 to 45 percent in the next 10 years.

Zhang Guobao, Director of the National Energy Administration, said, \government puts great emphasis on seeking harmonious development between cities and the environment, and is readjusting the energy structure by giving priority to the development of clean and low-carbon energies, including hydroelectric, nuclear, wind, and solar power.\

Government authorities have closed small, coal-fired plants with a total capacity of 60.06 million kilowatts in the past four years. This year's target of closing 10 million kilowatts of capacity will be achieved by August.

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be generated from nonfossil sources by 2020,\Director Zhang said. At present, non-fossil energy accounts for only 7.8 percent.

China is making efforts to increase the proportion of clean energy in its total energy consumption. Statistics show that China invested US$34.6 billion in clean energy last year, exceeding the United States which invested US$18.6 billion. Thus, China has become the world leader in generating clean energy. Five years earlier, China's investment in clean energy was only US$2.5 billion.

However, China's carbon emission reduction target cannot be achieved easily. The shift to a low-carbon economy might be met at a cost to society. For instance, more than 400,000 people were laid off as a result of the shutdown of small coal-fired power plants in the past four years. Many studies indicate that the effort to curb greenhouse gas emissions may delay China's development, affect people's income, and lead to unemployment. Keys:1.D 2.D 3.A 4.B 5.C

IV. Speaking Out MODEL1 MODEL2 MODEL3 V. Let?ˉs Talk

Task 1:Disappointment over climate negotiations

Keys:

1) doesn't really actually commit anyone to doing anything,

2) the atmosphere simple can't take the kind of emissions we've been seeing in the business-as-usual scenario and there's no real commitment to change that. 3) There's no real commitment to put serious money on the table 4) It's not backed by action, 5) It does not constitute a... a deal. 6) It's a hollow shell

7) it lacks anything on emissions cuts

8) There's no guarantee that there will be new money, that the money will be real, that there's actually a commitment to get there, or that it will be channeled in new ways,

Task 2:What's your answer? Two speakers hold a negative attitude toward the world climate conference.

Task 3:Let's group work!

Developed countries should bear more responsibilities.

First, they caused most of the world pollution in their industrialization process. Second, they are already economically advanced, with more funds to deal with pollution problems.

On the other hand, developing countries caused less pollution in the past, and now they need rapid development.

Therefore, an international agreement the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 stipulated common but differentiated responsibilities for developed and developing nations, which means that both should be responsible for environmental protection and cut carbon dioxide emissions, but the former must take more responsibility.

Recently, however, some wealthy countries have insisted that developing countries like China should shoulder more responsibilities.

VI. Further Listening and Speaking Listening Task:

Task1: The environment and the development Script:

Li:Hi, Professor Wang.

I'm Li Lin, a correspondent for the university newspaper.

The staff and students here are getting more and more interested in the relationship between the environment and economic development.

What do you think is the most serious environmental problem at present? What measures should we adopt to improve the environment and develop the economy at the same time?

Wang: There are many environmental problems: air pollution, water pollution, desertification, overfishing, destruction of natural habitats, acid rain, overconsumption of wild animals and plants, etc. But lying at the center of all those problems, as I see it, is the contradiction between economic growth and the environment.

Since the United Nations Earth Summit in 1992, growing number of people and governments have adopted the new idea of \today's economic growth should not wipe out the resources and options for future generations. Planning and development should ensure not only economic growth, but also social advancement and environmental health. In other words, some

economic behavior must be restricted or controlled. Instilling principles of sustainable development into government planning, resource management and economic policy is the most important step China can take to solve its environmental problems.

China has already taken some remarkable steps to reduce damage to the environment. For instance, following the huge floods of 1998, the government banned logging in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in order to protect forests and reduce the risk of floods.

Still, the basic contradiction between the environment and development persists. Much work is to be done before we can achieve the aim of a balance between economic growth and the environment. Keys:

(1)water pollution (2)overconsumption (3)economic growth (4)resources

(5)social advancement (6)restricted

(7)government planning (8)economic policy (9)remarkable steps (10)balance

Task 2: Thick cloud of pollution covering southern Asia Script

A United Nations study says a thick cloud of pollution covering southern Asia threatens the lives of millions of people. Scientists say the pollution could increase lung disease and cause early death. The cloud is also damaging agriculture and affecting rainfall levels. It has affected many countries in southern Asia. The pollution cloud is three kilometers high. Scientists say it can move halfway around the world in a week.

The cloud is the result of forest fires, the burning of agricultural waste, and huge increases in the burning of fuels by vehicles, industries, and power stations. Pollution from millions of bad cooking stoves has made the problem worse. Many poor people burn fuels like wood and animal waste in such stoves.

Scientists say the cloud of pollution appears to cool the land and oceans by blocking sunlight.

They say it reduces the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface by as much as 15 percent.

At the same time, heat inside the cloud warms the lower parts of the atmosphere. Harmful chemicals from the cloud are mixing with rainfall. This acid rain damages crops and trees and threatens public health.

Scientists are concerned that the pollution will intensify during the next 30 years as the population of Asia increases to an estimated 5,000 million people. Keys:1.D 2.B 3.A 4.C 5.C

Task3: Mountain regions face a number of dangers Script

Mountain people around the world are in great danger of the negative effects of the worsening environment, according to a UN report.

As global warming and deforestation accelerate and technology makes wilder places more accessible, environmental and social pressures on the world's remotest regions increase.

The UN has found that many mountainous regions—inhabited by one out of five of the world's people—are barely recognizable when they are compared to what they were like 60 years ago.

This is mostly because forests were cut to make way for cattle grazing and agriculture. The authors of the UN study expect 98 percent of the mountain areas to experience severe climate change by 2055.

Biological losses are expected to be heavy.

The mountains of Europe, parts of California and the northwest Andes in South America are among the most threatened mountain areas in the world and should be given priority in conservation.

The UN is anxious to raise awareness of the problems facing mountain areas because they are inhabited by some of the most vulnerable people.

These people could lose their culture and their livelihood with even the smallest shifts in climate.

At the same time, many mountain regions are losing people. Thousands of villages in Europe are deserted most of the year.

In other areas like Nepal, people are drifting to the cities in search of work.

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