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Then he paused: “But you?ll always be limited by the size of the wheels. And so far no one has invented a folding wheel.”
It was a rare — indeed unique — occasion when I was able to put Ritchie right. A 19th-century inventor, William Henry James Grout, did in fact design a folding wheel. His bike, predictably named the Grout Portable, had a frame that split into two and a larger wheel that could be separated into four pieces. All the bits fitted into Grout?s Wonderful Bag, a leather case.
Grout?s aim: to solve the problems of carrying a bike on a train. Now doesn?t that sound familiar? Grout intended to find a way of making a bike small enough for train travel: his bike was a huge beast. And importantly, the design of early bicycles gave him an advantage: in Grout?s day, tyres were solid, which made the business of splitting a wheel into four separate parts relatively simple. You couldn?t do the same with a wheel fitted with a one-piece inflated （充气的） tyre.
So, in a 21st-century context, is the idea of the folding wheel dead? It is not. A British design engineer, Duncan Fitzsimons, has developed a wheel that can be squashed into something like a slender ellipse （椭圆）. Throughout, the tyre remains inflated.
Will the young Fitzsimons?s folding wheel make it into production? I haven?t the foggiest idea. But his inventiveness shows two things. First, people have been saying for more than a century that bike design has reached its limit, except for gradual advances. It?s as silly a concept now as it was 100 years ago: there?s plenty still to go for. Second, it is in the field of folding bikes that we are seeing the most interesting inventions. You can buy a folding bike for less than ￡1,000 that can be knocked down so small that it can be carried on a plane — minus wheels, of course — as hand baggage.
Folding wheels would make all manner of things possible. Have we yet got the magic carpet of Andrew Ritchie?s imagination? No. But it?s progress.
69. We can infer from Paragraph 1 that the Brompton folding bike . A. was portable B. had a folding wheel C. could be put in a pocket D. looked like a magic carpet 【答案】A
【解析】逻辑推理题。从文章第一段Andrew Ritchie, inventor of the Brompton folding bicycle,
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once said that the perfect portable bike would be “like a magic carpet…ou could fold it up and put it into your pocket or handbag”.
70. We can learn from the text that the wheels of the Grout Portable . A. were difficult to separate B. could be split into 6 pieces C. were fitted with solid tyres D. were hard to carry on a train 【答案】C
【解析】细节判断题。从文in Grout?s day, tyres were solid, 可知。 71. We can learn from the text that Fitzsimons?s invention . A. kept the tyre as a whole piece B. was made into production soon C. left little room for improvement D. changed our views on bag design 【答案】A
【解析】细节判断题。从第四段最后一句话Duncan Fitzsimons, has developed a wheel that can be squashed into something like a slender ellipse （椭圆）. Throughout, the tyre remains inflated.可知。
72. Which of the following would be the best title for the text? A. Three folding bike inventors B. The making of a folding bike C. Progress in folding bike design D. Ways of separating a bike wheel 【答案】C
【解析】逻辑判断题。从整篇文章中可以看出是对便携式是自行车的设计的改进。
第二节 简答题（共3小题；每小题2分，满分6分）
阅读下面短文，根据第73至第75小题的具体要求，简要回答问题，并将答案转写到答题卡上。
A long time ago, Milton S. Hershey, the creator of the popular chocolate bars, was dipped in
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warm chocolate. I know all about it. My grandfather was there!
At nineteen, Hershey established a candy business in Philadelphia. Although it failed, he tried again in several other cities and succeeded with Crystal A Caramels. But Hershey was not content. He began experimenting with chocolate and managed to sell his first chocolate bars in 1900. They were an instant success. In 1903, Hershey built a factory.
Hershey was usually pleasant and kind and enjoyed a good joke. However, in his chocolate factory, he held high standards for all the workers. He was both respected and feared. His anger would burst out when things didn?t go as he?d expected, and workers were fired for mistakes.
My grandfather began working in the factory as a young man. His job was to push the vats （大桶） of warm chocolate to a storage area. To do this, he had to push the heavy vats up a ramp （斜坡） and across the walkway. One day, Hershey was walking backward on the walkway while my grandfather was pushing a vat of chocolate up the ramp. Bump. Clunk. Ker-plop! Hershey fell backward into the vat. Everyone else held their breath and ran up to pull him out. Grandfather froze in fear. Was he going to lose his job?
Hershey stood stiffly with his hands on his hips. Color rose in his face. He said something in a low voice. Then he smiled. “It?s not your fault, son,” he said. “I need to watch where I?m going.” He put some chocolate in his mouth. “Mmm, that?s good,” he said. Everyone laughed. The tour continued, with Hershey dripping chocolate as he went. And Grandfather kept his job.
73. What did Grandfather do in Hershey?s factory? （回答词数不超过12个） He pushed the vats of warm chocolate to a storage area.
【答案】He pushed the vats of warm chocolate to a storage area.
74. Why didn’t Hershey fire Grandfather? （回答词数不超过10个） Because he realized it was his own fault.
Because he realized it was not Grandfather?s fault/mistake. 【答案】Because he realized it was his own fault. Because he realized it was not Grandfather?s fault/mistake.
75. What does the incident show us about Hershey? （回答词数不超过15个）
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（It shows us that） Hershey was pleasant, humorous, kind （to others） and really respectable. 【答案】（It shows us that） Hershey was pleasant, humorous, kind （to others） and really respectable.
第四部分：书面表达（共两节，满分35分）
第一节 填空（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）
阅读下面短文，根据所读内容在文后第76至第85小题的空格里填上适当的单词或短语，并将答案转写到答题卡上。
注意：每空不超过3个单词。
What is eco-fashion? Eco-fashion is a complex phenomenon and the common use of the term covers two aspects of fashion — ?ecological? and ?ethical? （伦理的）. Ecological fashion usually refers to textile （织物） and clothing production processes and the environmental issues （议题） surrounding them; ethical fashion generally relates to the working conditions involved in the producing processes.
What are the problems with fashion? Firstly, the production of textiles pollutes the environment heavily. Cotton-planting uses pesticides; sheep-farming and wool-cleaning contribute to global warming; synthetics-making （人造纤维生产） brings about harmful waste. Secondly, every stage of clothing production has a significant effect on the environment. They all use a great deal of energy, and some also involve harmful chemicals. In addition to this, there is a lot of waste produced in the process, especially in the form of polluted water. Thirdly, growing consumption levels and our shopping habits further worsen the bad effects. We are now buying clothes in increasing quantities without realizing the scale on which it affects natural environment, and we are also quick to throw away clothes that have been worn only a couple of times.
Then, how to solve the problems? To a large degree, it is the fashion producers that really have the power and the responsibility to shape our future. There are numerous ways in which these producers can reduce their ecological footprint, from switching to green energy and reducing energy use, through selecting sustainable （可持续使用的） materials and choosing local suppliers, to recycle and minimize waste. On the other hand, as consumers we can all make contributions by selecting environmentally friendly clothing and reducing clothing consumption.
Now many people are beginning to shop for organic food products because the benefits of eating food free of chemicals are straightforward and immediate. They relate directly to our personal
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health. In fact, choosing eco-fashion can also contribute to our personal health, though it is mostly done by way of keeping the health of the planet.
Why choose eco-fashion? Textile & clothing production processes Ecological 76 of fashion Ethical Related environmental issues 77 involved Cotton-planting: use of pesticides Textile production 79 : global warming Synthetics-making: harmful waste Consuming a great deal of energy 78 with fashion 80 Producing a lot of waste Consumption levels & New clothes: bought 81 shopping habits Old clothes: thrown away quickly Ways to 83 and minimize waste: ? Using harmful chemicals Switching to green energy Reducing energy use Selecting sustainable materials Choosing local suppliers environmentally friendly Fashion producers 82 to problems ? ? ? Selecting 84 clothing 85 Choosing eco-fashion can contribute to our personal health. 【答案】
76. Aspects/Two aspects 77. Working conditions 78. Problems
79. Sheep-farming and wool-cleaning:
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