西方文明史 复习总结(2)

英文版

separation of powers：executive, legislative, and judicial powers

checks and balances---to limit and control each other

Jean-Jacques Rousseau On the Origin of human inequality Emile

The main achievements of the Enlightenment The Social Contract 1762

a.“Separation of the executive, legislative and judicial powers”, “the spirit of the laws”

b. “a constitutional monarchy”, “the law is no respecter of persons”

c. The first France “Encyclopedia”

The influence of Enlightenment

a. the Enlightenment thinkers criticized feudalism and its spiritual pillar ——

the Catholic Church, and depicted the future "rational kingdom" blueprint

b. Preparation for the France Revolution

c. It influenced many other countries all around the world deeply, and lots of the masterpieces of the Enlighteners were introduced to China, Japan and other Asia countries, encouraging their national movements against the old society.

industry revolution

reason

1. the development of the economic and political strength.——basically!

2. the requirement of the home and the world market.

3. the developing of the scientific.

4. the people’s creation.

5. peaceful society, enough capital

6. inventors were respected

Why Did the Industrial Revolution Happen in Britain first

1. English Bourgeois Revolution

2. Capital, Market, plenty of Raw Materials

3. The scientific revolution in England prepared the way for new inventions to be applied to industry.

4. Handicraft industry

5. Population grew

6. England had a long, irregular coastline with many rivers and natural harbors

New Inventions

Spinning Jenny Steam engine(improved by James Watt)

, flying shuttle , water frame Power Loom

Stream locomotive—Stephenson

Fulton----Stream Ship

Influence

For British Produce large quality of low-priced goods in a more efficient manners.

Many cities into being .

Population increased .

Become the “factory of the world”

For world 1.A factory system was established.

2.To make the capitalism spread all over the world

3.To make machine production and modern industry (factory system) gradually

replaced the handicraft workshop

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