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● This is where the shoe pinches. 这就是问题的症结所在了。 ● Things are not always as they seem to be. 事物并不总是如其表象。

● His view of the press was that the reporters were either for him or against him. 他对新闻界的看法是，记者们不是支持他，就是反对他。

4. Appositive Clauses

Apposition，a state of affairs in grammar in which one simple sentence contains two or more noun phrases that describe the same person or the same thing and are used in the same way，appears more frequently in English than in Chinese. The following methods are usually used to translate appositive clauses.

1) Keeping the Original Order

● He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again. 他表示希望能再来中国访问。

● We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy. 我们不是在调查他是否可以信任的问题。

● She had no idea why she thought of him suddenly. 她不明白自己为什么突然想到了他。

2) Converting into an Attributive Order or an Independent Clause

● Yet，from the beginning，the fact that I was alive was ignored. 然而，从一开始，我仍活着这个事实却偏偏被忽视了。

● They were very suspicious of the assumption that he would rather kill himself than surrender. 对于他宁愿自杀也不投降这种假设，他们是很怀疑的。

● It does not alter the fact that he is the man responsible for the delay. 迟延应由他负责，这个事实是改变不了的。

3）Using Punctuation Marks or Specific Words

Punctuation marks such as colon，dash or such expressions as“这样”，“这种”，“这一”，“即”，etc.，are usually used to introduce appositive clauses.

● But considering realistically，we had to face the fact that our prospects were less than good. 但是现实地考虑一下，我们不得不正视这样一个事实：我们的前景并不妙。 ● And there was the possibility that a small electrical spark might accidentally bypass the

most carefully planned circuit. 而且总有这种可能性—一个小小的电火花，可能会意外地绕过了最为精心设计的线路。

● The fact that the gravity of the earth pulls everything towards the center of the earth explains many things. 地球引力把一切东西都吸向地心这一事实解释了许多现象。 ● Not long ago the scientists made an exciting discovery that this \be turned into plastics. 不久以前，科学家们有了一个令人振奋的发现，即可以把这种废物变为塑料。

4) Changing into Sentences without the Subject

● An order has been given that the researchers who are now in the skylab should be sent back. 已下命令将目前在太空实验室里的研究人员送回来。

● Even the most precisely conducted experiments offer no hope that the result can be obtained without any error. 即使是最精确的实验，也没有希望获得无任何误差的实验结果。

● However, the writing of chemical symbols in the form of an equation does not give any assurance that the reaction shown will actually occur. 但是，将化学符号写成反应式，并不意味着所表示的反应确实会发生。

II. Translation of Chinese Complex Sentences

The concept of nominal clauses does not exist in Chinese syntax. Generally speaking，Chinese complex sentences are classified into two categories：combined sentence（联合复句）and sentence containing a modifier(偏正复句).

1. Sentence Combination

In point of structure，English complex sentences tend to be long with clauses embedded one in another，whereas Chinese sentences are short and brief. And the following illustration is a typical example. Original English：

As was cleared up some time later，news came from a distance that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell. Chinese Version：

过了一些时候，从远方传来了消息：在小铜球坠落的当天，确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。

The above English complex sentence，when translated into Chinese，is divided into several segments-this shows the difference in sentence structure between these two languages. Therefore in Chinese-English translation，we may reverse the process，namely，combine clusters of short, loose Chinese sentences into long and compact English sentences.

And the following are more examples to illustrate this approach.

● 门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有12把，五颜六色，大小不一。 In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors.

● 我访问了一些地方，遇到了不少人，要谈起来，奇妙的事儿可多着呢。There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met.

● 我有一个问题弄不懂，想请教你，你能回答吗？ Could you answer kindly a question which is puzzling me?

● 因为距离远，又缺乏交通工具，农村社会是与外界隔绝的。这种隔绝状态，由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重了。The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media.

● 我们不知不觉地朝公园走去。公园就在人行桥那边，桥下很深的地方，汹涌的河水滚滚流过。Somehow our path took us toward the park, across the footbridge high above the rolling waters of the river.

● 他这时已是将近六旬的人，一表人才，高个儿，眉清目秀，头发又多又黑，带花白，恰好衬出他那堂堂的仪表。He was at this time in his late fifties, a tall, elegant man with good features and thick dark hair only sufficiently graying to add to the distinction of his appearance.

● 为了实现儿时的梦想，我毫不犹豫地选择了化学专业。四川大学录取了我，这令我心满意足。四川大学是中国的著名重点高校，有着近百年的悠久历史。In order to realize my childhood dream I chose chemistry without hesitation，and to my great satisfaction，I was admitted by Sichuan University, one of China's famous key universities with a history of nearly 100 years.

2. Sentence Sequence

Sentence sequence is another point for attention in Chinese-English translation of combined sentences. Different sentence sequences may be used to stress on different aspects. For instance： Original Chinese 1:

黑龙江省林业厅顾问赵树森在人民日报上撰文指出，中国的森林是丰富的再生能源，在农村地区应当大力开发，用作烧柴。

English Version A:

In an article carried in \People's Daily\Zhao Shusen, consultant to Heilongjiang Forestry Bureau, says that, \forests are a vast source of renewable energy and should be largely developed for firewood in the rural areas.\

English Version B:

Heilongjiang Forestry Bureau consultant Zhao Shusen says in an article carried in \People's Daily\largely developed for firewood in the rural areas.\

English Version C:

China's forests are a vast source of renewable energy and should be largely developed for firewood in the rural areas，says Zhao Shusen，Heilongiiang Forestry Bureau consultant，in an article carried in \．

Original Chinese 2：

只要已发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这个人争取过来。

English Version A:

When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist，his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.

English version B：

As soon as he finds any possible opponent，he is，by instinct，to have an inclination for winning him over with charm and humor.

English version C：

The sight of any potential antagonist arouses his innate impulse for winning him over with charm and humor.

Reflections and Practice

I Discuss wing questions.

1. What are English subordinate clauses? And what are nominal clauses?

2. What special attention should be paid to in the translation of subordinate clauses or object clauses preceded with \？

3. What are appositive clauses? How do they differ from attributive clauses?

4. What are the different approaches to translating appositive clauses in English-Chinese translation and in Chinese-English translation?

5. What is the decisive factor that affects sentence order in the translation of Chinese complex sentences?

II Put the following sentences into Chinese, paying attention the subordinate clauses.

1. whatever form is used by the majority of educated speakers or writers is correct or as Sweet puts it,“Whatever is in general use is a language is, tams that reason，grammatically, correct.”

2. He boasts that a slave is free the moment his feet touch British soil and he sells the children of the poor at six years of age to work under the lash in the factories for sixteen hours a day.

3. It is flattering to believe that they (ideas) are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read, and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection.

4. It is not that the scale in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former. 5. There are several reasons why he no longer appears to be the magician the world press had made him out to be, an illusion which he failed to discourage because, as he would admit himself, he has a tendency toward megalomania.

6.... but since what used to seem to the great majority of civilized humanity the assurance of another life beyond the grave has come to seem to more and more people less certain, a feeling for the value of human life has become deeper and more widespread.

7. He was puzzled that I did not want what was obviously a \toward what all Americans are taught to want when they grow up; money and power.

8. He poured into his writing all the pains of his life and the conviction it had brought to him that the world could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise up. 9. There has long been a superstition among mariners that porpoises will save drowning men by pushing them to the surface, or protect them from sharks by surrounding them in defensive formation.

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