河北省农村土地承包经营权制度法律研究

摘 要

纵观古今，无论从古老的奴隶社会还是到今天的现代社会，土地一直是世界各国所关注、重视的话题，它不仅关系着农业的稳定、农村经济的发展和农民生活的质量，更关系到国家的稳定和社会的进步。新中国成立以来，党和国家就时刻心系着土地这一关系国计民生的话题，而如何更好的解决农村土地问题更是影响着国家发展、人民幸福的重要着力点。

自建国以来，农村土地制度也在不断随着社会的发展而变迁，先后经历了新区土地改革、合作化运动、人民公社运动、家庭承包经营四个阶段，改革开放以来以家庭联产承包责任制为基础的土地承包经营制度，曾经激发了广大农民生产的极大热情，使农业生产力得到了长远的提高和进步。但是随着农业生产技术的不断革新、农村土地生产模式的不断创新，而为了不断满足农业产业化、现代化发展的要求，家庭土地承包经营中的不适合及不合理的地方日益凸显出来，土地经营规模零散化、家庭化与农业现代化、专业化、商品化、规模化的矛盾日益显露，在河北省这个农业大省中此类矛盾显得尤为突出，为了更好地解决这一困境，为农村土地承包经营权流转制度提出更好地对策和补充，结合河北省农村土地承包经营权流转的实际情况从法律角度撰写本文，试图为更好地促进我省的农业发展及土地流转的法律解释提供一点微薄之力。

在农业生产方式变革和农村改革的的过程中，土地流转的重要性何在、能否实现在市场经济的框架内顺利发展、土地流转过程中利弊比例如何掌握等等这些问题都是亟待我们解决的客观的问题，这些问题不仅棘手而且还需要我们正确、客观的的面对。因此，对土地流转制度的相关法律问题做深入的研究有着重要的理论和现实意义。

在此背景下，本文立足河北省的实际问题，从考察国外土地流转的经验入手，对河北省现行的农村土地流转制度中存在的问题进行剖析，并对国外土地流转制度较为完善的几个国家进行分析，作更进一步进行比较研究，希望能够从中获得启示，为完善我省乃至我国的土地流转制度，促进土地流转顺利发展提供好的建议。具体研究内容如下：

第一部分，对与农村土地承包经营权流转制度相关的基本知识进行概括和解释，并结合相关立法从法律角度对流转制度进行法律角度的剖析，分析我国农村

土地承包经营权流转现有的几种模式，分析利弊。为后文的写作奠定理论基础。

第二部分，缩小研究范围立足河北省农村土地承包经营权流转的特点及问题，河北省农村土地承包经营权流转主要有土地承包经营权流转市场不健全、土地承包经营权流转不够规范、承包期过长，农民“脱离”土地、流转后的土地被改变用途、土地流转信息不畅通、土地流转价格形成机制不完善、价格偏低、土地流转期限大部分过短、现行法律法规过于严格限制土地流转、土地承包经营权的抵押权受限等问题，本部分将详述这些问题，为第四部分提出解决办法奠定现实基础。

第三部分，通过对美国、日本、英国、法国、德国的农村土地流转制度进行深入研究和分析，阐述了发达国家农村土地流转制度对我国的启示，从中找出利弊、发现适合我省、我国发展的好的制度和政策，为本文最后一部分的撰写提供借鉴与参考。

第四部分，针对上述问题进行分析,并结合我国现有的法律规定、河北省农村土地承包经营权流转制度的不足、以及外国农村土地流转制度中可以值得我们借鉴的东西，并结合国情对河北省的农村土地承包经营权流转制度提供建议和对策，不断完善我省的农村土地承包经营权流转制度。

关键字：农村 土地流转 土地承包经营权

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Abstract

Looking throughout both ancient and modern time, no matter from an ancient slave society or a new modern society, land has always been the great topic valued by every country on the globe. The Communist Party of China is continuously focusing on land for its special effects on national welfare and people’s livelihood. Now, how to solve the problem of the countryside land is now becoming a great problem. It is very important to both the development of our country and the happiness of our people.

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the countryside land system was always changing with our society’s steps. There were four stages already: land reform in newly liberated areas, co- operative movement, people’s commune movement and household contracted management. Since Chinese economic reform, the land contract management based on the household contract responsibility system once greatly inspired farmers’ passion and led a great progress on agricultural productivity. However, the innovations on both agricultural production technology and the production mode of countryside land never stop. Chinese government will always try to meet the demands of industrialization and modernization of agriculture. But the shortages of household contract responsibility system were already exposed. The scattered and family-based land management scale is now obviously against modern agriculture, against industrialization, modernization, commercialization and large-scale. Such contradiction is particularly sharp in Hebei Province, a large agricultural province. To better solve this problem, and to provide additional ideas for the circulation system of the contractual operation right of countryside land, basing on realities of circulation system in Hebei province, the author wrote this article legally, hoping to help improving the development of agriculture and the circulation system of Hebei society through legal construction.

During the innovation of agricultural production method and countryside reform, will the land circulation system become a breakpoint? Could it go perfectly in the

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frames of market economy? Is it possible that land circulation system will grow with land annexation which harmful to famers’ living foundation? Will the land circulation system become a chance or a challenge to farmers? Who will be benefit from the land circulation? What’s the future of the land circulation system? What’s the direction of the land circulation system? All these problems need urgent solutions. We have to face them correctly and objectively. Thus, the further studies on relevant legal issues of the land circulation system are carrying important theoretical and practical significance.

With such background, basing on real problems of Hebei province and xperience from learning foreign land circulation system, the author analyzed the land circulation system which is now active in Hebei province. Then with studies on several perfect foreign land circulation systems, the author made a comparison. With such research, the author believes that there will be suggestions for helping the development of land circulation system in Hebei, even for entire country.

Details of research are as follows:

Part 1: Make a summary and explanation on basic knowledge of the countryside land circulation system. With the legal analyze on the circulation system, every type of circulation system will be revealed. Then set a foundation for the article by discovering pros and cons of the system.

Part 2:Turn to the countryside land circulation system in Hebei province. The main problems in Hebei province are: the circulation market of land contract management is not yet complete; the circulation of land contract management is in lack of standardization; the contract period is too long; farmers were “isolated” from land; land were changed for other use since the circulation had been completed; the information of land circulation is blocked; the mechanism of setting price for land circulation is not complete, the price is low; the period of land circulation is usually to short; the current law restricts the land circulation too much; the hypothec of land contract management right was limited and so on…This part will describe these problems in detail, making a Base of Reality for the solutions in part 4.

Part 3:Try to show the research on land circulation system in foreign countries, such as America, Japan, UK, France and Germany. In such western countries, current

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land policy is the market readjustment based on family farms, together with help from official and civil mediation. With the studies in part 3, advantages and disadvantages of this western policy will be seen. The land circulation system of modern countries will provide inspirations for China. It is also the reference of part 4.

Part 4:As described above, the author put everything together to make a comparison, a summary. With the current law in China, the shortage of the countryside land contract management in Hebei province, the experience learning from foreign land circulation system and realities in China, the author will provide suggestions for the countryside land circulation system in Hebei province, hoping to make an effort to complete it.

Key Words:Countryside land circulation land contract management interests of farmer

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