会话含义与合作原则(2)

A : Name and title, please?

B: John Smith, Associate editor and professor.

B 有意使用歧义句， 使A不能确定他是副主编兼教授还是副主编兼正教授，从而抬高自己的身价。 3. To use unnecessary words

Miss Smith produced a series of sounds that corresponded closely with the score of “Home, sweet home”.

某人故意不简明扼要地说Miss Smith sang “Home, sweet home”而说了啰嗦繁复的句子，显然是想暗示“史密斯小姐表演的极不成功”这样一个会话含义。

4. To disturb the order

Here files of pins extend their shining rows；puffs, powder, patches, Bibles, trifles, billet-doux .

句中所列举的东西故意没有按类别叙述，从而破坏了话语的条理性。特别是将“圣经”与妇女的常用物品加杂开列在一起，传达出这样的含义：尽管这位妇女笃信上帝，做到圣经随身携带，但她只是把这本圣经当作与自己的化妆品、情书等相同的杂七杂八的东西罢了。

The sorts of the conversational implicature:

Generally speaking, conversational implicature can be divided into two kinds: generalized implicature and particularized implicature.

Particularized implicature refers to the implicature that violates some of the cooperative principle and makes the meaning in some specially context. In the conversation, one side violates the cooperative principle obliviously. And the other side is forced to concluding the meaning of the words means on the particular time, place and person.

Generalized implicature refers to an implicature, which obeys the cooperative principle and also has the unsaid meaning.

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The features of the conversational implicature: 1. Cancellability:

The conversational implicature can be canceled; this is the most important feature. If we put some limit or precondition on the inhere words, some meanings can be canceled. There are two factors arouse it.

2. No detachability

Conversational implicature makes use of the cooperative principle so that the listener can conclude the meaning from the words. It adheres to the context of the words but not the form of the words. If there is pragmatical meaning in the context it can’t disappear no matter what synonymous words are used.

3. Calculability

The listener can conclude the corresponding conversational implicature from the literal meaning of the words, the rules of the cooperative principle and the jutode context.

4. Non-conventionality

The conversational implicature is not a part of the meaning, it not only exist in the literal meaning of the words but also lays in that the sentence speaker say.

5. Indeterminacy

It refers that one word can have different meanings in different contexts.

The cooperative principle is the main rule in the conversation, its existent makes the function of the conservational implicature become possible. In the conversation, all the sides should try one’s best to understand the conversational implicature otherwise there will be mistake.

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Note:

现代语言学 何兆雄 梅德明外语教育与研究出版社 现代语言学导论 池昌海 浙江大学出版社 语用学概论 何自然 湖南教育出版社

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