哈佛公开课：幸福课第一课英文字幕(4)

dignity and freedom to the person. There was a problem. The problem was humanistic psychology is said lacked the rigorous methodology. While it brought in many wonderful ideas, talked about the study of well-being, talked about the study of optimism, of kindness, of morality, of virtue, of love, of relationships, of peak experiences, of self-actualization, of empathy. All these wonderful concepts that we'll talk about throughout the semester. It wasn't as rigorous about its epistemology, about how we form ideas and how we learn. And that's why, in many ways, largely, not completely but largely more of into the self-health movement. Interesting ideas, good ideas, important ideas, certainly good intentions, but to some extent, without the academic rigor. And that's why it lacked the impact on academia. That's why we don't have partly any humanistic psychology classes offered in universities today. There are very few still around. And this is why also a lot of it became the New Age essentially. But still, it's humanistic psychology that has in many ways fathered and mothered, as we'll see, positive psychology. So let's meet the grandparents.People like Rollo May. People like Carl Rogers. And more than anyone, Abraham Maslow. Was the American Psychological Association President. Was the professor just down the road here at Brandeis (Brandeis University). And he introduced this humanistic psychology in 1954. He wrote a chapter, called "Toward the Positive Psychology". 1954. In it he said we need to also research kindness, goodness and happiness and optimism. In many ways it was way ahead of his time.Then if Maslow is the grandfather, then Karen Horney is the grandmother. Initially a psychoanalyst, trained through the works of Freud, she realized the focuses had been too much on the negative-- on neurosis, on psychosis and said we also, not only but also have to focus on what is working on human organism. We have to work and look at the fine qualities and cultivate those. Because part of being human is being those things as well. In many ways, brought about the movement toward humanistic psychology and through that-- positive psychology. Aaron Antonovsky, the third person I would consider the grandfather, brought in the idea of focusing on health. He has a new concept. Or he introduced a new concept. I'm still here. Don't worry. He introduced a new concept, which he called-- his own neologism, "salutogenesis". Salutogenesis: saluto--(which is) health; geneis (which is) origin. The origin of health. And this was an alternative model, to the conventional ways model of pathologies. So instead of just studying pathologies whether it's in physical health or psychological health, we should also study the origin of health. In many ways that is what prevented medicine is about. So this was a novel idea back in 1970s when he introduced it. And we'll talk a lot about Aaron Antonovsky. Now the parents.Martin Seligman, considered the father of the positive psychology, network of scholars, started the field in 1998. Like Maslow, he too, was the President of American Psychological Association. And as his mandate, during his presidency, he had two aims: the first aim-- to make academic psychology more accessible, -- in other words-- bridge Ivory tower and mainstreet. This was the first aim of his presidency. The second aim was introduce a positive psychology. A psychology that will look at also things that work, that were not just study-- depression, anxiety, schizophrenia and neurosis. A psychology a network of scholars who will focus on -- love, relationships, self-esteem, motivation, resilience and well-being. And he introduced these ideas and it's all been literally uphill from then. Before Martin Seligman, this all happened in 1998 and we'll talk about it a little bit more next time.This all happened in 1998. Long before 1998, our very own professor Ellen Langer did research in all these areas, bringing the humanistic spirit and combining it with the academic scientific rigor. We'll be talking probably more than any other scholar about her work in this class. And another person from Harvard, one of the parents of positive psychology was Philip Stone, who passed away two years ago, yesterday. Both Langer and Stone were my physicist advisors, introduced me to the field of positive psychology into this research. In 1998 when I had the first positive psychology summit, Professor Stone took me along with him. I was a graduate student.In 1999 he taught the first positive psychology class at Harvard, one of the first in the world. I was his teaching fellow. A couple of years later, he taught it again. Again I was his teaching fellow. And then when I graduated, he suggested I take over his class. And here we are today. So this is 1504. Let me give you a sense of, in the next half an hour and so, a sense of what you expect in this class. The first thing is this class is not just about information, it is also explicitly about transformation. What do I mean by that? You see most of education today is about information. What is information? So we have a container, which is our mind. And information is about taking data, taking science, taking information and putting it inside the form. That is information. Now when this form is filled, that's when we are educated. More information, more data, better. Not enough. Because it's not just information that determines our wellbeing, our success, our self-esteem, our motivational level, the relationship and the quality of our relationships. It's much more than information. Transformation is about taking this form and changing it. Trans, (which is) change, form, (which is) shape. Change the form. This is transformation. This is the distinction that I learned first from at the school.Professor Robert Kegan who taught about this. Information in and of itself is not enough. Think about this example. You go for an athletic meet. Your aim is to get into the top three-- to be a medalist. You come in number eight. What's the analysis? What's the interpretation? -- Terrible. I just failed. You feel deflated. Enervated. On the other hand, the exact same event. You came eight when you expected to be top three. You can interpret it

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