gre issue提纲151-200(4)

规，如对上市的限制，实际上是保证经济的稳定。

③ 有时，我们也可以通过我们的选择来改变社会，而不是一味顺从。A 温和的 B激烈的

157\is no such thing as purely objective observation. All observation is subjective; it is always guided by the observer's expectations

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157 有一些观察是受主观影响的，有一些观察是客观的

1、日常生活根据个人的见解，对同一事件的观察是受到主观影响的

When beholding a car accident, for instance, different people have different views: someone will have his own idea about who is responsible for the accident, yet view of others would contradict his judgment; some will feel worried and sympathetic about the one injured in the accident, while some consider only the brands and prices of the cars destroyed. All these views are based on different observations which are guided by distinctive personal ideas of everyone. 2、艺术领域，艺术家对外界事物的观察是主观的

it is necessary and justifiable for the observer to employ their subjective expectations and desires unboundedly into the observation of the world and their works as well. Art serve to reveal the inner impulses and spirits of the artists and convey them through artistic works. On the contrary, objectivity is of no use in this realm. In Impression: Sunrise, the famous painting of great impressionist Claude Monet we can see no objective reflection of real world but subjective interpretation of the scene. Hence, we see that only by using subjective view to observe the mundane world and then interpret observations into works could the essential nature and aim of art as well as the imagination and inspirations of artists be achieved and preserved. 3、科学领域的观察是客观的

It is the spirit and essence of science require the observer in any fields of this realm to be objective for the subjective desires and expectations would mislead the observation and even destroy the whole research. Assume that a scientist in a certain research observes according to his own desires and expectations, as a result, the data recorded by him would be inaccurate and unconvincing even distorted because it is likely that only the data accord with his ideas are collected while others are not. Moreover, the advanced technologies and sophisticated schedules which scientific observers use in the researches help them to perform

or

desires.\

the objective observation.

157．观察的客观性

一、observation encyclopedia，但different from interpretation

二、In terms of the exact definition above, observation can be objective, while sometimes it may be slightly subjective.

1. according to process, 观察者先看到phenomena, 然后adds previous knowledge, 最后put out

2. observation involves three linchpins, the phenomenon, previous knowledge, and application of the knowledge

3.前两者都是客观的，后一个可能主观。这样whether观察客观depends, the application of knowledge is objective, or, to put it bluntly, whether or not the application is rigid and fixed. 三、从各个领域讨论

1．physical sciences, where observation is aroused by accurate instruments like telescopes, spectrometers, cameras, and where the way of applying formula referring to particular circumstances is fixed

2．历史，客观的historical materials, stubborn facts, 有时候结论不同也只是因为background， specialized training

3．但在一些领域，知识的运用是flexible的，in laws, judges, jurors, or lawyers different perspectives, using multifarious aspects of laws to bolster their conclusions, add subjectivity to observation，因为alternative application of their knowledge.

四、speaker 把观察和Interpretation搞混了the speaker actually confuses observation with interpretation that is bound to be subjective. 1．后者是加入主观desire

2．interpreting the aesthetic value of a painting, or analyzing salient figures of a novel都会加入inherent feeling，使主观，“A thousand readers, a thousand Hamlets”.

3．再比如，政治，side with a political leader on behalf of our interests--forming an interpretation, it is possible we afford the leader greater merits, ignoring flaws in his policies, and thus we deviate from observation.

157T \is no such thing as purely objective observation. All observation is subjective; it is always guided by the observer's expectations or desires.\157． 没有哪件事情是客观观察的结果。所有的观察都是主观的；它们在很大程度上决定于观察者的期望和偏好。

① 确实是主观的，日常生活中。Position, benefits, experience不同，大家对同一事物的

理解也不同。但只是interpreting, 不是observing. Everyday experience informs us that different people have different opinion when they observe the same object.

However, these sorts of subjective \are actually subjective \

② 在observing方面，是客观的。As the speaker's assertion, there is no such thing

as truth and we cannot truly know anything. It runs against the grain of all scientific discovery and knowledge gained in the human history.如科学的建立，empirical method

③ 应该将主观和客观结合。先更好的观察，再解释。 C.

D. According to the psychological discipline, given the same spatial perspective and sensory acuity and awareness, just as the video camera does, our observations would all be essentially in accord—that is, observation can be objective.

158The arts (music, dance, visual arts, etc.) are vitally important to students' education and should therefore receive as much emphasis as mathematics, science, reading and other mainstream subjects.\

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158 艺术很重要，但不能影响主课

1、艺术学习提高品位，发现兴趣，丰富生活 Einstein violin

2、艺术学习有助于主课学习（促进imagination inspiration; good for humanistic subjests learning;休息放松） 3、不能影响主课

社会更需要科学家；少数人能成为艺术家

158T The arts (music, dance, visual arts, etc.) are vitally important to students' education and should therefore receive as much emphasis as mathematics, science, reading and other mainstream subjects.\

158．艺术（音乐、舞蹈、视觉艺术等）对学生的教育非常重要的，因此它们应该得到和数

学、科学、阅读以及其他主流课程一样的重视。

①Arts will ignite the sparks of human minds, and will spur us to quarry the beauty of the nature.

②On the other hand, mainstream subjects can help students to form critical logical mind that is crucial for making a disinterest decision.

③学科之间是相互联系、相互依赖的，在一个领域内的学习可以对另一个领域有促进作用。 ④不是一样的重视。毕竟人家将来还要靠专业混饭吃咯。

159\human mind will always be superior to machines because machines

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159 同意，但要主要机器在rote task上比人强 1、承认机器是人类智慧的工具

household electronics; office machines; transportation tools; various production machine in industry; 人类按照自己的意愿，用自己的智慧制造机器；人类使用机器；机器为人类活动服务

2、人类智能优于机器智能

虽然有机器具有很强的智能（dark blue），但是建立在机械计算基础上的，人可以综合各种因素判断，inspiration；机器没有主观独立思想，没有情感，不能创造music novel comment；机器的智能都是人类输入的，其结果不一定正确DDS 3、机器在rote task上优于人类

laborious work; travel, computing(accuracy and speed)number-crunching tasks

159. 人类思维会一直都胜过机器，因为机器只不过是人类思维的工具而已。

1、 技术的进步造福于人类，表现形式就是机器减低人类的工作负担和危险 2、 尽管机器好，但不过是类科技的产物，它不会思考

3、 一些人说机器最终会具备思考的能力，并成为人类的威胁，我个人不同意

4、 现代人类应当正确看待机器，而不应当过分依赖机器，2000千年的问题，千年虫

159 人类的智慧将总是高于机器，因为机器只是人类智慧的工具。(技术进步对人类社会的影响,类似于影响和决定人类传统)

1。人比机器强：机器是工具，没有智力和情感，需要人控制

2。机器比人强：机器的运算能力，机器的感觉能力，机器的控制能力 比如：地震预报forecast / prediction, earthquake;

Can hear the sound below 20HZ which human is not sensitive to. Manage a whole system containing innumerable computers and staff. 3.有一天机器会有情感和智力，emotion and intelligence

are

only

tools

of

human

minds.\

《War of the Star》 robots with sensitive skin

ISSUE159

机器永远不能超过人类

1 机器，人类的工具，人类智慧的结晶，为人类带了巨大的价值。大多数情况下，人类比机器优秀的多。一方面，人类有情感，正式情感使的我们人与人之间有紧密的联系，我们回家看到我们的babies会感到欣慰，我们失去多年的朋友会伤心，这些情感让我们不断的introspection，并且想要表达出来，从而让我们创造去很多的文学、艺术作品，而机器不能够；另一方面，人类有logical thinking 和creativity，人们可以探索未知的领域、做出重大的科学发现和发明，而机器不能，它们正是人类这种thinking和creativity的产物。In this sense，人类确实比机器好。

2 但是计算机在某些方面已经超过了人类，比如高速计算，比如数据分析，人类不可能达到。举例： Deep Blue vs Gary Kasparov ，chess。从这个意义上讲，机器有着不可比拟的优势。

3 如果人类的科技发展到某种程度，CPU的运算速度以及网络发展到一定程度，很有可能出现可以自我进化的人工智能。现在的计算机只recognize 0 and 1，不代表以后的计算机不能象人一样进行逻辑运算。如果有一天机器人发达到‘I ，Robot’那样，那么人类的优势会荡然无存。人类有weaknesses of nature，人类avarice, lechery, jealousness,而机器人全都没有，人类需要休息和娱乐，而机器人不需要。那个时候，即使我们仍然统治着机器，机器很可能已经超过我们了。人类社会现在越来越多的充斥着欺骗，色情，凶杀，污染，非常混乱，如果继续这样的话，早晚我们会被机器取代，不再是社会的主要力量。

4 总之，我们在惊叹于God创造我们的神奇的同时，在得意于我们创造的计算机的神奇的同时，我们最好清醒的问自己一下，我们是否应该重视一下我们的弱点了？否则，当计算机发达到某种程度之后，我们就不是这个地球上最wise和enlightened的thing了。

ISSUE159

人类的智慧将总是高于机器，因为机器只是人类智慧的工具。技术进步对人类社会的影响（类似于影响和决定人类传统） 关键词：人类智慧，机器，工具 核心：人和机器谁更聪明-谁会成为谁的工具 1 人类衡量谁比谁更高级，取决于能否使用工具 2 工具是什么？工具是没有思想，不会思考，被赋予具体实际功能的物品。工具有具体而明确的标准，可以大量的复制和买卖，提高生产效率，给使用者带来方便 3 人类在何种状况下会变成机器的工具？-当人类符合上述那些特征时 4 人来现在符不符合呢？ 5 结论

159 机器在人类社会的发展中的确起到了重要的作用，促进生产（工业革命Industrial revolution）、方便生活、星外探索；首先，就家庭而言，家用电器如air-condition, refrigerator方便了人们的生活。其次，就community, 现在许多工厂采用自动化生产，提

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