论海上货物运输中承运人迟延履行的赔偿责任

摘 要

“现代国际贸易对航运服务提出了更迅速、更准时的要求，在激烈的商业竞争环境中迅速准时的交付已变得和货物的安全同等重要。”《汉堡规则》第一次在国际公约中明确提出了迟延交付问题，顺应这种国际立法趋势，《中华人民共和国海商法》（本文简称《海商法》）对承运人迟延交付做出规定，为解决迟延交付的有关争议提供了法律依据。但是，《海商法》并未完全借鉴《汉堡规则》迟延交付的有关规定，将未在对一个勤勉的承运人所能合理要求的时间内交付货物也定义为迟延交付。商法》在承运人对迟延交付应承担的赔偿责任的范围以及赔偿限额等方面的规定，存在一定的缺陷。鉴于此，对于海上货物运输中的迟延交付问题，司法实践中存在着大量的争议。

本文试图从迟延履行责任的构成要件、承运人对迟延履行造成损失的赔偿责任、免责事由、责任限制和责任期间入手，通过比较《海牙规则》、《海牙－维斯比规则》和《汉堡规则》和联合国国际贸易法委员会第三工作组（运输法）第十九届会议的程或部分][海上]货物运输公约草案(本文简称UNCITRAL《运输法》海运国家的海上货物运输法、我国《海商法》和《合同法》的有关规定，并结合国内外的一些判例，探讨海上货物运输中承运人迟延履行的赔偿责任问题，商法》中迟延交付的法律缺陷提出自己的粗浅看法。

本文第一章从承运人迟延履行责任的构成要件入手，重点讨论我国50条中迟延交付的范围问题。第二章从损失、迟延履行与损失的因果关系和免责事由三个方面论述承运人对迟延履行损失的赔偿责任，其中重点讨论了迟延交付造成的经济损失。第三章从单位赔偿责任限制和经济损失的通知时间的角度讨论了中限制承运人迟延履行损失的赔偿范围的特有的法律规定。第四章从责任期间的角度重点论述了承运人的责任期间之外的迟延履行损失的赔偿责任。

关键字 海上货物运输，迟延履行，赔偿责任

第 I 页

同时，《海也[全(草案))、主要并对我国《海《海商法》第《海商法》 ABSTRACT

In the modern world the international trade demands more swift and punctual carriage service, and the swift and punctual delivery has become as important as the safety of the cargo in the competitive commercial environment. It is Hamburg Rules that first made provisions regarding delay in delivery in the international convention. Accordingly, the Maritime Code of the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the Chinese Maritime Code) also applies to delay in delivery. Yet, the Chinese Maritime Code does not lay down regulations regarding the reasonable time during which the carrier should deliver the cargo. Meantime, the Chinese Maritime Code has some flaws in the regulations as to the measures of damages arising from delay in delivery and the limitation of liability. Therefore many disputes arise from delay in delivery in the judicial practice.

The paper tries to study the carrier liability for delay in delivery in comparison with the relevant regulations in the international conventions, Transport Law Draft convention on the carriage of goods [wholly or partly][by sea], the acts of the carriage of goods by sea of some countries and our country and some judicial sentences, and puts forward my own opinions about flaws in the regulations regarding delay in delivery.

The first chapter studies the constructive conditions of the liability of the carrier for delay and the scope of delay in delivery in Article 50 of the Chinese Maritime Code is especially paid attention to. The second chapter studies the loss arising from delay, causation between the loss and delay and exoneration. The third chapter analyzes the special regulations in the Chinese Maritime Code regarding the limitation of liability of carrier and the notice of economic loss resulting from delay. The fourth chapter analyzes the liability of the carrier for delay of the carrier beyond the duration of responsibility.

Li Peng (International law)

第 II 页

Directed by Professor Yang Zhaonan

KEYWORDS: the carriage of goods by sea, delay, liability for indemnification

第 III 页

目 录

引 言 ................................................................................................................................... 1 第一章 承运人迟延履行责任的构成要件 ......................................................................... 2

第一节 承运人迟延履行 ............................................................................................. 2

一 承运人迟延履行的法律性质 ......................................................................... 2 二 履行期限 ......................................................................................................... 3

（一） 明确约定的履行期限 ..................................................................... 3 （二） 法定履行期限 ................................................................................. 6 （三） 我国《海商法》中货物交付的履行期限问题 ............................. 8

第二节 承运人主观状态 ........................................................................................... 13

一 英美普通法下承运人的主观过失 ............................................................... 13 二 我国《海商法》下承运人的主观过失 ....................................................... 14

第二章 承运人对迟延履行损失的赔偿责任 ................................................................... 17

第一节 损失 ............................................................................................................... 17

一 损失的分类 ................................................................................................... 18

（一）我国民法中损失的分类 ................................................................. 18 （二）英国法中损失的分类 ..................................................................... 19 （三）我国《海商法》中损失的分类 ..................................................... 20 二 货物的“灭失或者损坏” ................................................................................ 21

（一）三大国际公约中货物的灭失或者损坏造成的损失的范围 ......... 21 （二）我国《海商法》中货物的灭失或者损坏造成的损失 ................. 23 三 经济损失 ....................................................................................................... 25

（一）我国《海商法》中经济损失的含义 ............................................. 25 （二）纯经济上损失的种类 ..................................................................... 27 四 损失赔偿范围的限制原则 ........................................................................... 31

（一）合理预见原则 ................................................................................. 31

第 IV 页

（二）减轻损失原则 ................................................................................. 33 （三）损益相抵原则 ................................................................................. 35

第二节 迟延履行和损失之间的因果关系 ............................................................... 35 第三节 免责事由 ....................................................................................................... 38

一 法定的免责条件 ........................................................................................... 38 二 约定的迟延履行责任免责条款 ................................................................... 40

第三章 损失赔偿范围限制的其他法律规定 ................................................................... 45

第一节 单位赔偿责任限制及其丧失 ....................................................................... 45 第二节 经济损失的通知时间 ................................................................................... 47 第四章 承运人的责任期间 ............................................................................................... 48

第一节 责任期间的界定 ......................................................................................... 49 第二节 责任期间以外的迟延履行责任 ................................................................. 50 结 论 ................................................................................................................................. 52 致 谢 ................................................................................................................................. 54 参考文献 ............................................................................................................................. 55

第 V 页

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