e.g. The woman and her husband work in the same office.那妇女和她丈夫在同一个单位
工作。
The professor and president of our school is retired。 (3)主语之后有由 with,along with,together with,as well as,no less than,rather than,more than,like,besides,but,except,in addition to,including 等连接的短语时,谓语应与主语的单复数一致,而不受这些短语中名词单复数的影响。
e.g. A teacher, with his students, is watching an English film. 一位老师和他的学生们正在看一部英语电影。
(4)由 some,any,every 等构成的不定代词以及 each,either,neither,no one,one of,many a + 名词单数,more than one + 名词单数,whatever,whoever 等作主语时,谓语动词应为单数。 e.g. Each of the girls has an orange. 每个女孩都有一个橘子。 Neither of the novels is interesting. 这两本小说都没趣。
(5)一些只有复数形式的名词如 clothes,scissors,trousers,shorts 等,作主语时,谓语动词要用复数形式。但是,如果表示成双的东西的名词前面有 a pair of 时,其谓语动词要用单数。 e.g. The scissors are on the ground. 这把剪刀在地上。
This pair of scissors belongs to the tailor. 这把剪刀是裁缝的。
2. 意义一致
英语中有时要从意义着眼来处理主谓语一致的问题。主语形式虽为单数,但意义为复数,谓语动词根据意义而定也采用复数形式;反之,主语形式为复数,但意义为单数时,谓语动词用单数形式。
(1)表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的复数名词或短语作为一个整体看待时,其谓语动词用单数形式。但如果强调这类词组的复数意义,谓语动词也可用复数形式。 e.g. Ten thousand dollars is more than he can afford. 他付不起一万美元。
(2)以 -ics 结尾的学科名称如 mathematics,physics,politics 等,以及表示单数意义的 news,works 等作主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式。
e.g. Physics seems to be difficult to me. 对我来说,物理似乎很难。
(3)有些集合名词,如 family,team,class,audience,committee 等作主语时,如果作为一个整体看待,其谓语动词用单数;如果就其成员个体而言,则谓语动词要用复数。 e.g. The team is well organized. 这个队组织得很好。(作为一个整体)
The team are all good players. 这个队的队员个个都很好。(重在队中成员)
(4)表示总称意义的名词如 public,police,cattle,people 等,作主语时,其谓语动词采用复数形式。
e.g. People are talking about the news. 人们在谈论着这条新闻。 The cattle are grazing in the field. 牛在田里吃草。
(5)―定冠词 the + 形容词或分词‖作主语时,如果指的是一类人,其谓语动词用复数形式,如果指的是抽象概念,其谓语动词则用单数形式。
e.g. The killed were buried on the hillside. 那些被害者被埋在了山坡上。 The killed was his neighbor. 那被害者是他的邻居。
3. 就近一致
(1)用 or,either... or,neither... nor,not only... but (also),whether... or 等连接的并列主语,其谓语动词与最靠近它的主语一致。
e.g. Neither the children nor their father was in the car. 无论是孩子们,还是他们的父亲都不在车
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里。
Neither the father nor his children were in the car. 无论是父亲,还是他的孩子们都不在车里。 (2)在―There be + 并列主语‖中,谓语动词的数通常与邻近的主语一致。
e.g. There is some paper, a dictionary and two books on the desk. 桌上有一些纸,一本词典和两本书。
B.例题讲解
1)Not only Tom but also his wife ______fond of watching television. A. are B. were C. be D. was
解析:D。由not only… but also连接两个并列主语要使用“就近一致”的原则来选择谓语的单复数。此题中,最靠近谓语动词的是主语his wife,所以谓语动词要用单数形式。 2)The young _______ interested in pop music. A. is B. have C. has D. are 解析:D。此题的主语是the+形容词表示一类人,意思是“年轻人”,表示的是复数意义,因此谓语动词也要用复数形式,并且表示对……感兴趣是用的be interested in sth,正确答案为D选项。
(十二)倒装句 A. 知识要点
倒装是指将句子的谓语动词或其助动词放在主语之前。
e.g. Then began a war between two countries. 于是两国之间开始了战争。(全部倒装) Seldom have we felt as comfortable as here. 我们难得像在这里这么舒服。(部分倒装) 常用倒装的两种情况 1.出于句子结构的需要
(1)在as, though引导的让步状语从句中,从句往往放在主句的前面,而且从句须以形容词、
名词或动词(原形)等开头。
e.g. Hard as she studied, she failed to this examination.
(2)代词so, neither, nor等副词置于句首时, 表示“……也(不/没有)……‖全句要倒装。
e.g. Tom can speak English. So can Jack. 汤姆会讲英语,杰克也会 (3)only 放在句首且后面跟有状语时,需要倒装
e.g. Only by working hard can we succeed. 只有通过努力我们才会成功。 2.出于强调
never, seldom, little, nor, hardly…(when…), scarcely…(when…), no sooner…(than…), not only, not until等表示否定的副词或连词位于句首时;
e.g. Never in my life have I seen such a thing. 我一生中从未见过这样的事情。 e.g. Not only did he hear, but also he saw it too.他不但听见了,而且也看见了。
B.例题讲解
1)Not until 1868 ______ made the capital of the state of Georgia. A. Atlanta was B. was Atlanta C. when Atlanta was D. when was Atlanta 解析:B。not until含有否定词not放在句首,要倒装。 2)I'm going to have a rest and _______.
A. so does David B. so goes David C. so is David D. so has David
解析:C。用so, neither / nor引导句子表示与上文已经提到的肯定或否定意思一致时,so, neither
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/ nor引导的句子要倒装,并且所用的谓语动词以及时态要与前面一句话的时态、谓语保持一致,因此正确答案为C选项。
(十三)强调结构 A. 知识要点
通过强调句强调
强调句的结构是:It is / was + 被强调部分(主语、宾语、表语或状语) + that(who)…被强调部分用that引出,指人时也可用who/whom。 e.g. Mrs. Brown came to visit our college on Wednesday.
→ It was on Wednesday that Mrs. Brown came to visit our college. 布郎太太正是在星期三来参观我们学院的. 注意以下几点:
① 被强调的部分为句子中除谓语以为的所有成分,但无论强调句子的什么成分,如时间状语、地点状语等,都用that引出句子的其他部分,而不用when, where;在强调人时还可用who / whom; ② 在此结构中be动词只有时态的变化,没有数的变化,即不管被强调的部分是单数还是复数,一律用is / was;
③ 被强调的部分是从原正常句子中为强调而提取出来的那一部分,因而要保持原来的时态,主语、宾语是代词都仍用代词
④ It is / was not until … that …是强调句型中常见的强调时间状语从句的句式,that后用肯定式。 e.g. I didn’t know what kind of a country she is until I came to China.
→ It was not until I came to China that I knew what kind of a country she is.正是直到我到了中国我才知道她是一个怎样的国家。
B.例题讲解
1)It was on the beach ______ Miss White found the kid lying dead.
A. that B. this C. it D. which
解析:It was…that…为强调句型,此句话中强调的是地点状语。因此正确答案为A选项。 2)It is not until you have lost your health _______ you know its value. A. until B. when C. what D. that
解析:It is not until…that…为强调句,强调的是until时间状语,因此正确答案为D选项。
(十四)从句 1.名词从句 A. 知识要点
在句中起名词作用的从句称为名词从句,可以在句中作主语、宾语或介词宾语、表语、同位语等。名词性从句通常由that, whether/if, 疑问词(which, what, why, how等)以及连接词(whenever“无论什么时候”, whatever“无论什么”等)引导。
(1)由that引导的名词从句:无任何语义,不做句子成分,仅起连接主、从句的作用。在宾语
从句中常可省去,其他名词从句中不能省。
e.g. That she doesn’t understand spoken English is obvious. 很明显她不懂口语。(主从)
I think (that) he is a good actor. 我知道他是个好演员。(宾从) The truth is that he is only eighteen. 事实是他只有18岁。(表从) The fact that Ann was late didn’t surprise me.安迟到的事实不足为奇。(同位语从句)
(2)由whether / if 引导的名词性从句:whether / if表示“是否”的意思。
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e.g. Whether she goes with us (or not) is not important to me. 她是否和我们一起去对我而 言不重要。(主语从句)
I don’t know whether/if he will come. 我不知道他来不来。(宾语从句)
(3)由疑问词引导的名词性从句:疑问词引导名词性从句时,在从句中担任语法成分,而且常
保留其本身的含义。
e.g. Why they left the country is a secret. 他们为什么要离开乡下是个秘密。(主从) She explained to him how he can start the car. 她向他解释怎样才能启动这汽车。(宾
从)
The question was who owned the house. 问题是谁是那房子的主人。(表从) (4)名词从句中注意的几点:
①that引导主语从句或宾语从句时,可用it作形式主语或形式宾语。 e.g. It is strange that he make a mistake. 真怪,他竟做错了。(主从,it为形式主语,真正的主语为that所引导的从句)
e.g. He made it quite clear that he preferred to study English. 他很明确地说他宁愿学习英语。(宾从,it为形式宾语,真正的宾语为that所引导的从句)
②在同位语从句中,可接同位语的名词通常是抽象名词,且通常带冠词。常见的有:idea(主意), belief(信仰), doubt(疑问), evidence(证据), fact(事实), hope(希望), message(消息), news(消息), orders(命令), plan(计划), promise(许诺), feeling(感觉), truth (真理,事实)等。
B.例题讲解
1)Are you certain that this is _____ in his letter? A. grandfather expressed
B. what grandfather has expressed C. grandfather has expressed
D. which grandfather has expressed
解析:B。this is所引导的表语从句中缺少express谓语动词的宾语,而只有what疑问代词能够做宾语。
2)It is generally considered unwise to give a child _______ he or she wants. A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever
解析:B。“he or she wants”做的是give动词的直接宾语,在这个宾语从句中缺少wants谓语动词的宾语。However做方式状语,whenver做时间状语,whichever做定语。
2.定语从句 A. 知识要点
在复合句中起定语作用,修饰某一名词或代词,或修饰整个主句的从句叫定语从句。定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。连接定语从句和先行词的词叫关系词,分为关系代词和关系副词两种。关系词既联系定语从句和它的先行词,同时又充当定语从句中的一个成分(主语、宾语、定语或状语)。
e.g. He is the person who / that is going to give a concert on the century square. (作主语) ↓ ↓ 先行词 关联词
他是那个要在世纪广场上举行音乐会的人。 1. 关系词的用法:
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关系代词/副词 who 先行词 在从句中的作用 作主语 指人 whom 关系 代词 that 指人或物 whose which when 关系 副词 指物 作定语 作主语/宾语 作宾语(可省) 作主语/宾语(作宾语时可省) 表示时间的名词 作时间状语 where why 表示地点的名词 作地点状语 reason 作原因状语
e.g. A man who does not try to learn from others cannot hope to achieve much. 一个不向别人学习的人是不能指望有多大成就的。(作主语)
The engineers (whom / that) we met yesterday have worked out a new machine. 我们昨天碰到的那些工程设计出了一种新的机器。(作宾语)
It is a problem which needs very careful consideration. 这是一个需要非常认真考虑的问题。(作主语)
Madame Curie is a great scientist whose name is known all over the world. 居里夫人是一位 全世界闻名的伟大科学家。(作定语)
We can never forget the day when Hong Kong returned to out homeland. 我们永远不会忘记香港回归祖国的那一天。(作时间状语)
The building where you used to live has been pulled down. 你过去曾住过的那栋大厦已经被拆除了。(作地点状语)
We know the reason why he was very angry. 我们知道他为什么非常生气。(作原因状语,其先
行词一般是reason)
2. 只能用关系代词that的情况:
① 先行词为all, anything, something等不定代词时,只能用that;
e.g. I have never taken anything that doesn’t belong to me. 我从未拿过不属于我的任何东 西。
② 先行词前有最高级形容词及序数词first, last, next, only等修饰词时,只能用that。
e.g. He was one of the greatest scientists that ever lived. 他是有史以来最伟大的科学家之一。 He is the only one among us that knows English. 他是我们当中唯一一个懂英语的人。 3. 只能用关系代词which的情况:
① 定语从句前出现逗号,介词时,只能用which引导; e.g. I never met Mary again, which was a pity.
② 定语从句中作关系代词作宾语且前面有介词时,只能用which引导。
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