e.g. Can it be true? 那会是真的吗?
Today is Sunday. He can't be at school. 今天是星期天。他不可能在学校里。 2. may 和 might 的用法
(1)表示许可或征求对方的许可,意为―可以‖。
e.g. May I use your dictionary? 我可以用一下你的字典吗? 否定式常用 must not (mustn't) ,表示―不可以‖、―不许‖。
e.g. You mustn't touch the machine, child.孩子,你别碰那机器。 (2)表示推测,通常只用于陈述句。 e.g. You may be right. 你可能是对的。 3. must 的用法
(1)表义务,意为―必须‖。其否定回答要用 needn't 或 don't have to,意为―不必‖;mustn't 意为―禁止‖、―不许‖。
e.g. You must talk to them about their study. 你必须同他们谈谈关于他们学习的事。 ―Must I clean the classroom at once?‖―我必须马上打扫教室吗?‖ 肯定回答为: ―Yes, you must. ‖
否定回答为:―No, you needn't.‖ 或 ―No, you don't have to.‖
(2)表推测,用于肯定句中,暗含说话人有很大的把握性。表推测时,must 的把握性最大,may 次之,might 的把握性最小。 must, may, might 之后加动词完成式表示对过去的推测。e.g. He must be ill. He looks so pale. 他肯定是病了。他的脸色那么苍白。
It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. 昨晚一定下过雨,因为现在地面是湿的。 4. need 和 dare 的用法
need 与 dare 既可用作情态动词,又可用作实义动词。作情态动词时,没有人称和数的变化,后接动词原形;作实义动词时,有人称和数的变化,后接带to的不定式。 (1)need 表示―需要‖、―必要‖。
e.g. You needn't worry. = You don't need to worry. 你不必担心。
Need he know? = Does he need to know? 他需要知道吗? (2)dare 表示―敢于‖。
e.g. He dare not travel alone. = He doesn't dare to travel alone. 他不敢单独旅行。 5. will / would 的用法
(1)will 可用作助动词,构成将来时。
e.g. He'll be here this afternoon. 今天下午他会来这儿。 (2)will 用于各种人称,表示―意志‖、―决心‖、―允诺‖。也可以用于条件句中表示意愿。e.g. Frank will help you with your English. 弗兰克愿意帮你学习英语。 (3)would表示过去的意愿或人物过去的特点或习惯。
e.g. Whenever in trouble, she would come over to us for help. 每当碰到困难,她总是找我们帮忙。 6. shall, should 和 ought to 的用法
(1)表示说话人的意愿或意图。用于第一人称时,意思和 will 基本相同。
e.g. I shall (= will) call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing. 我一到北京就给你打电话。 (2)在条约、规章等文件中表示义务或规定。
e.g. Each member of the club shall pay 10 pounds a year. 俱乐部每一个成员每年应缴 10 英镑。 (3)should 后加完成式表示本该做而没做的动作。
e.g. You are late. You should have been here five minutes ago.你迟到了。五分钟前你就该到的。
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C. 例题讲解
1)— How exciting! I drove my new car at a speed of 110km/h on Sunday morning. — Were you crazy? You ________ yourself! A. must have killed B. would have killed C. should have killed D. could have killed
解析:D。这四个选项的区别在于:―would+have+done‖虚拟语气,表示对过去事情的假设,意思是―本来会做‖;―could+have+done‖是虚拟语气,表示对过去事情的假设,意思是本来能够做某事而没有做;―must+have+done‖表示对过去事情的肯定推测,译成―一定做过某事‖,该结构只用于肯定句;―should+have+done‖意思是―本来应该做某事,而实际没做。‖ 2)He hardly ____say anything more since we know all about it. A. needs B. need C. need to D. needn't
解析:B。考查need作为情态动词与实义动词的区别。根据主语,作为情态动词使用need没有任何的变化;作为实义动词使用,则是needs to +动词原形的结构。
(九)非谓语动词
在英语中,不作句子谓语,而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词,叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词;有一般时、进行时和完成时三种形式以及相应的主动与被动语态。 A.知识要点
1.动词不定式和动名词都可作主语。 e.g. Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
To refuse him is not easy this time. 这次很难拒绝他。 注意:常用it作形式主语,而将动词不定式放在谓语后面。
e.g. It is impossible for us to measure it in miles. 让我们用英里来计算不太可能。(不定式前加一
个for us表示不定式的动作是谁做的)
(注:只有当名词为no use/no good/no need;或形容词为useless/ worthwhile用动名词) e.g. It is no use arguing with him.
2.动词不定式和动名词都可作宾语。
(1)有些及物动词只能用不定式作宾语,如:hope,want,wish,decide,manage等:
e.g. We all hope to see you. 我们都希望见到你。
(2)有些及物动词只能用动名词作宾语,如:finish, avoid, enjoy, mind, insist on 等:
e.g. He has finished doing his work.他已经干完了他的工作。
(3)有的及物动词既可用不定式,也可用动名词,但其意义有所不同。如:remember/forget/
regret; stop/continue…
e.g. remember to close the window表示记得要关窗户(即窗户还没有关上)
remember closing the window表示记得关了窗户(表示关窗户这个动作已经完成了) stop to have a rest停止后休息 stop having a rest停止休息 3.动词不定式和分词作补足语。
(1)一些表示感官词或使役动词,如see, hear, have, make, let等后面用不带to的不定式作
宾补。但这些感官动词或者使役动词为被动语态时,不定式中的to则不能少。 e.g. I saw the boy climb the wall.
The boy was seen to climb the wall.
(2)不定式做宾语补足语,表示动作发生了(即动作的全部过程结束了);现在分词作宾补,
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表动作正在发生(即处于发生的过程中),如:
e.g. I saw the boy climb the wall. 我看见小孩爬墙了。(强调爬墙这件事) e.g. I saw the boy climbing the wall.我看见小孩在爬墙。(强调爬墙的情景)
(3)现在分词作补足语,它与被补足的词之间是主动关系;过去分次作补足语,它与被补足的
词之间是被动关系。如:
e.g. I heard someone calling me.
e.g. I heard my name called. 我听见有人喊我。
4.非谓语动词作状语和定语时,尤其是分词作状语时,要注意分词的逻辑主语必须和句子 的主语一致。现在分词表示的动作和句子的主语之间是主动关系,过去分词表示的动作和句 子的主语间是被动关系;分词作定语时,现在分词表示的动作和它所修饰的词之间是主动关 系,过去分词表示的动作和它修饰的词之间是被动关系。
e.g. Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.在工厂工作时,他是名先进工人。 e.g. Seen from the hill, our school looks more beautiful.从小山上看,我们学校显得更美丽。 5.非谓语动词也有否定结构和时态/语态。
非谓语动词的否定结构是在它们前面加not来构成。如果非谓语动词表示的动作发在主 要谓语动词所表示的动作之后或同时,用一般式,如果非谓语动词表示的动作在主要谓语动词所表示的动作之前,则用完成式。
e.g. They decide not to go.他们决定不去。
e.g. Tom’s not passing the exam made his father very angry.汤姆考试没有及格,这令他父亲非常生气。
e.g. Having finished the work he went home.干完活后他回家了。(分词having finished发生在went前)
B.例题讲解
1)This famous temple is believed _________ about 800 years ago. A. being built B. having built C. to have built D. to have been built
解析:D。此题中is believed后加动词不定式这个结构等同于it is believed that …表示“大家相信……”。这里时间状语是过去时,表示已经完成,所以动词不定式中的时态要用完成时;再者寺庙是被修建,所以要用被动语态。 2)The point is worth ________. A. being mentioned B. mentioning C. to mention D. mentioned 解析:B。worth后面用动名词形式。 3)Grace advised us to withdraw ________. A. so as to get not involved B. as not to get involved C. so as not to get involved D. as to not get involved
解析:C。not否定是放在非谓语动词之前,即不定式的否定就是not to do。 4)They found the conditions there ________. A. much improve B. much to improve C. much improved D. be much improved
解析:C。非谓语动词作后置定语,表示已经改善,并且表示被动,所以要用过去分词。 5)Mark often attempts to escape ________ whenever he breaks traffic regulations. A. having been fined B. being fined
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C. to have been fined D. to be fined 解析:B。escape后面只能用动名词形式,并且表示被动。
6)It is not uncommon for ________ problems of communication between old and young. A. there to be B. there being C. there to being D. there be 解析:A。考查句型结构it is +形容词+动词不定式。 7)He had been having trouble ______a hotel room. A. reserving B. to reserve C. reserved D. reserve 解析:A。考查固定结构have trouble (in) doing sth.表示“做某事有麻烦” 8)John suggested _________ anything about it until they found out more facts. A. not to say B. not say C. to say not D. not saying 解析:D。suggest后面只能接动名词做宾语。
(十) 虚拟语气
A.虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊形式,用来表达说话人的主观愿望和假想虚拟的情况,考试中以虚拟语气为考点的试题也不算少,大家应该尽量掌握。 B.知识要点
1.虚拟语气用于if引导的条件状语从句
表示对不可能发生的事实的一种假设;或对已经发生过的事实进行一种相反情况的假设;
时 间 从句谓语形式 主句谓语形式 虚拟现在时 动词的过去式 should (would, could, (与现在事实相反) (be一般用were) might )+动词原形
虚拟过去时 had done should (would, could, (与过去事实相反) might )+have done
虚拟将来时 动词过去式 should (would, could, (与将来事实可能相反) should+动词原形 might )+动词原形
were to+动词原形
2.虚拟语气用在表示要求、命令、建议语气的词引导的从句中:
(1)用在动词suggest(建议), order(命令), insist(坚持), require(需要), demand(要求),
propose(提议)等引导的宾语从句以及它们相应的名词suggestion, order, insistence, demand, proposal 后面的表语和同位语从句中谓语要用“(should)+动词原形” e.g. He suggested that we(should)start now. 他建议我们现在就开始。
e.g. My suggestion is that we(should)send a few people to help the other groups.我的建议是我们派几个人去帮助别的小组。
(2) 用在“It +be+ natural(necessary,strange,important,essential以及insisted,suggested,
ordered)+that?”结构中的that引导的主语从句以及它们相应的名词(引导的表语和同位语从句中;从句的谓语用“(should)+动词原形”
e.g. It’s necessary that you should be present at the meeting. 你有必要参加会议。 3.虚拟语气运用其他从句中:
(1)运用在wish后面的从句中表示“愿望”,运用在as if从句中表示“好像”,谓语形式:
用动词的过去式虚拟现在的情况;用过去完成式虚拟过去的情况;用would(或might)+动词原形虚拟将来的情况。
I wish I knew the answer. 但愿我知道答案。
It is wished that he had not made the mistake.他要没犯此错误该多好。
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The old lady is quarrelling with others as if she were mad.那位年老的女士正在和其他人争吵,
就好像她疯了一样。
(2)运用在would rather后面的从句中 表示“希望”,用动词的过去式虚拟现在或将来的情况,用过去完成式虚拟过去的情况。 e.g. I’d rather I had seen the film. 我真希望我看过这部电影。 (3)运用在It is (high) time后边的从句中 表示“该干??的时间到了”,用动词的过去式或should+动词原形。
e.g. It is time that we had/should have a rest.该是我们休息的时间了。
C.例题讲解
1)He left orders that nothing ______ until the police arrived. A. was touched B. had been touched C. should be touched D. were touched
解析:C。orders后面跟的同位语从句中的谓语动词形式为 (should) +动词原形。 2)It is necessary that you ________ be present at the meeting. A. should B. could C. may D. will
解析:A。it is necessary that…句型中that从句中的谓语动词形式为 (should) +动词原形。 3)I was very tired. Otherwise, I _________ to the theatre with you. A. had gone B. would go C. went D. would have gone 解析:D。此题根据前句的时态可以判定是对过去事情的虚拟。 4)I advise that she _______ another day. A. will come B. comes C. came D. should come
解析:D。advise表示建议的动词引导的宾语从句中的谓语动词形式为 (should) +动词原形。 5)Sometimes she feels very depressed, as if tomorrow _________ come. A. doesn't B. wouldn't C. mustn't D. didn't
解析:B。此题根据as if所引导的从句中的时间状语tomorrow可以判定是对将来的虚拟。
6)Had you come five minutes earlier, you ______ the train to Birmingham. But now you missed it.
A. would catch B. would have caught C. could catch D. should catch 解析:B。虚拟语气用法,这里是对过去发生的事情虚拟,用“if从句+had come,主句+would have caught”。此题前面的从句省略了if,所以根据句法要求倒装,将had提前到句首。
(十一)主谓一致 A. 知识要点
主谓一致就是谓语动词必须在数和人称上与主语取得一致。主谓一致的关系根据“语法一致”、“意义一致”、和“就近一致”三项原则来实现。 1.语法一致
谓语和主语通常是从语法形式上取得一致,即主语为单数形式,谓语动词也采取单数形式;主语为复数形式,谓语动词也用复数形式。语法一致通常有以下几种情况:
(1)以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词一般要用单数;主语为复数时,谓语动词用复数形式。
e.g. Reading aloud is very important in learning a foreign language. 大声朗读对外语学习非常重要。 Whether she comes or not matters a lot to us. 她是否要来对我们来说非常重要。
(2)用 and 或 both... and 连接的并列主语,其谓语动词通常用复数形式。但如果并列主语是同一人、同一事物或同一概念,或者前面有 each,every,no 等修饰,谓语动词用单数形式。
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