3.5 指导体外二氧化碳清除技术(extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal technology,ECCO2R)的脱机
ECCO2R是一项能够快速去除CO2和逆转呼吸性酸中毒的技术,使在正常每分钟通气量的情况下减少了中枢呼吸驱动[20]。ECCO2R联合NIV-NAVA能预防有创机械通气造成的并发症。Karagiannidis等[21]在ECCO2R联合NIV-NAVA在AECOPD患者中的运用的研究中发现,不能脱离ECCO2R的AECOPD患者的EAdi明显高于能够脱离ECCO2R的AECOPD患者[(26.7±15.7)μV VS(13.4±8.1)μV](P<0.001),并且指出当体外系统稳定pH值为7.4、EAdi信号>50μV时便可预测ECCO2R脱机失败。因此,EAdi可以作为监测ECCO2R去除CO2效果的指标和AECOPD患者对ECCO2R脱机耐受性的预测指标。
3.6 缩短呼吸机触发延迟时间和减少触发功
虽然在治疗COPD患者时优先选择无创通气,但是部分患者由于病情加重必须选择有创机械通气。然而,AECOPD患者的内源性呼吸末正压(intrinsic positive end expiratory pressure,PEEPi)明显增加[22],AECOPD患者在吸气过程中必须先克服PEEPi才能触发呼吸机[23],这说明AECOPD患者更容易出现触发时间延长,增加吸气触发功,甚至出现无效触发。NAVA通过监测EAdi信号触发呼吸机,不受PEEPi的影响。徐晓婷等[24]比较了NAVA和PSV对存在PEEPi的AECOPD患者机械通气触发延迟和触发功的影响,结果发现,相比PSV,NAVA在高、中、低通气压力支持水平时均能缩短触发延迟时间(P值均<0.05),减少触发功(P值均<0.05)。可见NAVA不受PEEPi增加的影响,能显着缩短AECOPD患者的触发延迟时间,减少触发功,具有显着优势。
3.7 降低COPD患者对外源性呼吸末正压(extrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure,PEEPe)的需求
因COPD患者常常会因为存在PEEPi而导致其在使用传统机械通气时必须先克服PEEPi才能触发呼吸机,造成人机不同步,应用PEEPe能减少触发延迟以及吸气努力[25]。因此Liu等[26]提出应用神经控制压力支持通气(neurally controlled pressure support,PSN),利用NAVA接收的EAdi来启动以及终止呼吸,该研究团队发现PSN能改善COPD患者与机械通气的相互作用,在COPD患者中神经肌肉效能即使0%水平PEEPe的PSN也与80%水平PEEPe的PSV(被认为最佳的PEEP)相似。由此可知,PSN能够解决COPD患者需要PEEPe来克服PEEPi的问题,改善COPD患者的人机协调性,减少患者吸气做功。
NAVA通过监测EAdi来触发调控呼吸机工作,能够显着缩短呼吸机触发延长时间,减少触发功,改善COPD患者的人机协调性,减少死腔样通气,亦能提高直接脱机成功率,改善炎性反应,具有传统机械通气所不具备的优势。EAdi能作为监测ECCO2R清除CO2效果的指标,以EAdi为基础的PSV解决COPD患者PEEPi增加的问题。临床上NAVA还能减轻呼吸机相关性肺损伤,运用前景十分广阔。NAVA是相对新型的机械通气模式,其对COPD患者长期预后的影响还需要更多的临床研究加以验证。
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