LINGUISTICS(4)

2.4.1.1 Place of articulation(p.32) Bilabials双唇的: [p] [b] [m] [w] Labiodentals:唇齿音 [f] [v] Dentals:齿音 [θ] [e]

Alveolars:齿槽音 [t] [d] [s] [z] [l] [n] [r]

Palatals:腭音的 舌面中音的 [∫] [З] [t∫] [dЗ] [j] Velars:软腭音，舌根音 [k] [g] [?] Retroflex:卷舌音 [r]

Glottal:喉音声门音 [h] [?] (button [`bΛ?n]) Pharyngeal:咽部 [? ] (latter [`l???])

2.4.1.2 Manner of articulation (p.33)

? Stops/ plosives:爆破音 oral stops: [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g] nasal鼻音stops: [m] [n] [?]

? Nasals:鼻腔音 [m] [n] [?]

? Fricatives:摩擦音 [f] [v] [s] [z] [θ] [e] [∫] [З] [h] ? Affricates:破擦音 [t∫] [dЗ] ? Liquids:流音 [l] [r]

? Glides:滑行 [j] [w] (semi-vowels)

The IPA consonant辅音chart:

White represents standard British English consonants.

2.1.4.3 Voicing (P.30)

? Voiceless:[p] [t] [k] [s] [f] [∫] [θ] [t∫] [h]

? Voiced: [b] [d] [g] [z] [v] [З] [e] [dЗ] [m] [n] [?] [j] [w] [r] [l]

2.4.1.4 Description of consonants [p]: voiceless bilabial双唇音 stop [b]:voiced bilabial stop

[s]:voiceless alveolar齿槽音fricative摩擦音 [kh]:voiceless velar软颚音aspirated送气音的stop [n]:voiced alveolar nasal鼻音

2.4.2 Vowels (p.34)

Vowels元音are speech sounds in the production of which no articulators构音器官 come very close together and the airstream气流passes through the vocal tract声道without obstruction障碍. 2.4.2.1 Monophthongs单元音 2.4.2.2 Description of vowels

2.4.2.3 Diphthongs双元音；复合元音& triphthongs三合元音

2.4.2.1 Monophthongs单元音

Monophthongs: The quality of sound remains constant不变的throughout the articulation. (1) The tongue height

(2) The position of the highest part of the tongue body (3) The lip-rounding圆唇 (4) The length (5) The tension

(6) How open the mouth is opened Vowel quadrilateral四边形( Daniel Jones)

2.4.2.2 Description of vowels

[i:] high front tense (long) unrounded vowel

[u]high back lax (short) rounded vowel [?]low back lax (short) rounded vowel [?]central lax (short) unrounded vowel

2.4.2.3 Diphthongs双元音& triphthongs三元音 (P.35) Diphthongs— A single movement of the tongue. raising升起diphthongs: [ei] [ai] [?i] [?u] [au] centralizing形成中心diphthongs: [u?] [i?] [ε?]

Triphthongs— A double movement of the tongue. They are produced by a glide滑行from one vowel to another and then to a 3rd rapidly and continuously. e.g: [ai?, au?], in wire and hour.

Exercise 4 (Page 45): Example: [p] [b] [m]

Feature: bilabial双唇音, stop, consonant辅音 (1) [g] [p] [t] [d] [k] [b]: Features: stop, consonant (2) [u] [u:] [?]:

Features: back, rounded, vowel

Exercise 5:

(1) [θ]: [e] Voicing: voiceless --- voiced

(2) [p]: [f] Place: bilabial --- labio-dental齿唇音 Manner: stop --- fricative摩擦音 (3) [i]: [e] Height: high --- half-high (4) [b]: [m] Cavity腔: oral --- nasal

(5) [s]: [∫] Place: alveolar齿槽音--- palatal上颚音 (6) [s]: [e] Place: alveolar --- dental齿音

Voicing: voiceless --- voiced

※如果两个单词，除了出现在同一个位置上的一个音以外，其余的都相同，则这两个词就 构成了一个最小对立体。

Which of the following words would be treated as minimal pairs最小对立体? pat, pen, more, heat, tape, bun, fat, ban, chain, tale, bell, far, meal, vote, bet, pit, heel : pat-fat pat-pit heat-heel tape-tale bun-ban bell-bet meal-heel

[θ] voiceless dental齿音fricative摩擦音 [d] voiced alveolar齿槽音stop

[g] voiced velar软颚音stop [h] voiceless glottal声门的fricative [l] lateral边音

[s] voiceless alveolar齿槽音fricative [u:] high back tense rounded vowel [i] high front lax unrounded vowel [?] low front lax unrounded vowel [Λ] low back lax unrounded vowel

3. Phonology音系学 (p.36)

3.1 Phone, phoneme音素，音位& allophone音位变体/同位异音

? Phone音素: a phonetic unit of sound or segment段. It doesn't distinguish区别meaning. ? Phoneme音位: an abstract抽象phonological音韵学的unit with distinctive有特色的

value值. (/ /)

? Allophones音位变体: the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different

phonetic语音的environments. Allophones are phones.

3.2 Phonemic analysis (音位分析)

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