33. The direction of the terms of trade effects depends on the nature of
the_________.
三、Answer the following questions chiefly: （30 points）
49. Why does international trade have strong effects on income distribution？ 50. What do both import tariffs and exports subsidies have terms of trade effects？ 51. What benefits and costs does the tariff bring for the importing country？
52. Why will the relative derived demand for Home labor fall when the radio of
Foreign wages rises？
53. Why do countries engage in international trade？ 54. Why may relative world demand for goods shift？
四、Justify true or false: （10 points）
1. Other things equal, a rise in a country’s terms of trade increases its welfare. （ ） 2. The exchange of trading manufactures for manufactures is called inter-industry
trade. （ ）
3. Economic growth means an inward shift in a country’s production possibility
frontier. （ ）
4. Growth that is export-biased improves the terms of trade. （ ）
5. Tariffs and export subsidies are often treated as similar policies, since they both
seem to support domestic producers, and they have same effects on the terms of trade. （ ）
五、Discuss the following problems: （20 points）
1、Why might import-substituting industrialization be more successful in large developing countries such as Brazil than in smaller nations such as Ghana？
2、“Import quotas on capital-intensive industrial goods and subsidies for the import of capital equipment were meant to create manufacturing jobs in many developing countries. Unfortunately, they have probably helped create the urban unemployment problem.” Explain this remark.
3、Suppose the U.S. government were able to determine which industries will grow most rapidly over the next 20 years. Why doesn’t this automatically mean that the nation should have a policy of supporting these industries’ growth？
六、Translate the following passage into Chinese: （15 points）
1、As a country seeks to employ more labor on a given amount of land, it must move to increasingly labor-intensive techniques of production, and this will normally become increasingly difficult the further the substitution of labor for land goes.
2、International factor movement tends to raise even more political difficulties than international trade. Thus factor movements are subject to more restriction than trade in goods.
3、There is no good economic justification for regarding dumping as particularly harmful, but U.S. trade law prohibits foreign firms from dumping in our market and automatically imposes tariffs when such dumping is discovered.
4、The number of firms in a monopolistically competitive industry and the prices they charge are affected by the size of the market.
5、If Home imposes a tariff, it improves its terms of trade at Foreign’s expense. Thus tariffs hurt the rest of the world.
答案
一、Explain the following nouns: （15 points）
1. Import tariffs: taxes levied on imports.
2. Economies of scale is from a tendency of unit costs to be lower with larger
output.
3. Foreign export supply means that Foreign producers supply is more than Foreign
consumers demand.
4. Export-oriented industrialization means that countries attempt to promote
economic growth and realize industrialization not via import substitution but via exporting manufactured goods. It is an outward-looking strategy.
5. Dumping is a pricing practice of charging a lower price for exported goods than
the same goods sold domestically.
二、Fill in the following blanks with appropriate word or phrase: （10 points）
5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
comparative advantage; equalization;
Production possibility frontier; factor; growth;
三、Answering the following questions chiefly: （30 points）
1、The reasons of international trade has strong effects on income distribution:
(1) Economic resources cannot move immediately or costlessly from a given industry to another.
(2) Industries differ in the factors of production they demand: A shift in the mix of goods that a country produces will ordinarily reduce the demand for some productive factors, while raising the demand for others.
2、Import tariffs: taxes levied on imports. Exports subsidies: payments given to domestic producers who sell a good abroad.
The distinctive feature of them is that they create a difference between prices at which goods are traded on the world market and their prices within a country.
Tariff: to make imported goods more expensive inside a country than? they are outside.
Export subsidies: to give producers an incentive to? export. The prices changes change both RS and RD.?
3、(1) Domestic producers gain from the tariff. (2) Domestic consumers suffer loss from the tariff.
(3) The government gains from the tariff by collecting tariff revenue.
4、First, as Home labor become more expensive relative to Foreign labor, goods produced in Home also become relatively more expensive, and world demand for these goods falls.
Second, as Home wages rise, fewer goods will be produced in Home and more in Foreign, further reducing the demand for Home labor.
5、First, countries trade because they are different from each other. Second, countries trade to achieve economies of scale in production.
6、(1) Taste may change;
(2) Technology may also change demand.
四、Justify true or false: （10 points）
? ? ? ? ?
五、Discuss the following question: （20 points）
1、There are larger markets in larger countries like Brazil and industries which benefit from import substituting policies could realize economy of scale advantages there which would not be available to industries producing solely for the market of Ghana.
2、Import quotas on capital-intensive goods and subsidies for the import of capital equipment foster the development of a capital intensive sector, and thus of a dual economy. If the capital-intensive sector pays high wages relative to the traditional sector, the result may be rural-urban migration and the emergence of persistent urban unemployment.
3、If everyone knows that an industry will grow rapidly, private markets will funnel resources into the industry even without government support. There is need for special government action only if there is some market failure; the prospect of growth by itself isn’t enough.
六、Translate the following passage into Chinese: （15 points）
1. 一国要在给定土地上雇佣更多劳动力就必须移向劳动密集型技术的生产。事
实上是很困难的，这是因为土地与劳动力存在替代。
2. 要素的国际流动更多难于政治而非贸易。由此，要素流动易于受到限制。 3. 没有好的经济评判方法来认定倾销特别有害。但美国贸易法限制外商倾销，
并自动启动关税。
4. 出口偏重增长恶化本国贸易条件，有利于其他国家；进口偏重增长改善本国
贸易条件，不利于其他国家。
5. 如果本国征收关税，以外国为代价改善贸易条件，那么关税就损害了其他国
家的利益。
《国际贸易理论与政策》试题及答案
第十一套
一、Explain the following nouns:（15 points）
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Price discrimination Home import demand Opportunity cost Import tariffs Economies of scale
二、Fill in the following blanks with appropriate word or phrase: （10 points）
34. In an idealized model international trade would actually lead to __________ of the prices of
factors such as labor and capital between countries.
35. __________ reflects the possibility of all maximum combinations of two goods
that a country can produce by exploiting its limited resources.
36. Good prices depend on__________ prices.
37. The direction of the terms of trade effects depends on the nature of
the_________.
38. __________trade reflects comparative advantage. It is comparative advantage
that result in international trade.
三、Answer the following questions chiefly: （30 points）
55. Why does international trade have strong effects on income distribution？ 56. What do both import tariffs and exports subsidies have terms of trade effects？ 57. What’s the theory of comparative advantage?
58. Why will the relative derived demand for Home labor fall when the radio of
Foreign wages rises？
59. Why are international market imperfectly integrated？ 60. What are the stages of import-substitution？
四、Justify true or false: （10 points）
6. Movement of goods and services is not the only form of international integration.
（ ）
7. Economic growth means an inward shift in a country’s production possibility
frontier. （ ）
8. Growth that is export-biased improves the terms of trade. （ ）
9. Tariffs and export subsidies are often treated as similar policies, since they both
seem to support domestic producers, and they have same effects on the terms of trade. （ ）
10. The distinctive feature of direct foreign investment is that it involves only a
transfer of resources. （ ）
五、Discuss the following problems: （20 points）
1、“The world’s poorest countries cannot find anything to export. There is no resource that is abundant-certainly not capital nor land, and in small poor nations not even labor is abundant.” Discuss.
2、For each of the following examples, explain whether this is a case of external or internal economies of scale:
a、Most musical wind instruments in the United States are produced by more than a dozen factories in Elkhart, Indiana.
b、All Hondas sold in the United States are either imported or produced in Marysville, Ohio.
c、All airframes for Airbus, Europe’s only producer of large aircraft, are assembled in Toulouse, France.
d、Hartford, Connecticut, is the insurance capital of the northeastern United States.
六、Translate the following passage into Chinese: （15 points）
1、As a country seeks to employ more labor on a given amount of land, it must move to increasingly labor-intensive techniques of production, and this will normally become increasingly difficult the further the substitution of labor for land goes.
2、International factor movement tends to raise even more political difficulties than international trade. Thus factor movements are subject to more restriction than trade in goods.
3、There is no good economic justification for regarding dumping as particularly harmful, but U.S. trade law prohibits foreign firms from dumping in our market and automatically imposes tariffs when such dumping is discovered.
4、The number of firms in a monopolistically competitive industry and the prices they charge are affected by the size of the market.
5、If Home imposes a tariff, it improves its terms of trade at Foreign’s expense. Thus tariffs hurt the rest of the world.
答案
一、Explain the following nouns: （15 points）
1. In general, the practice of charging different customers different prices is called
price discrimination.
2. Home import demand means that Home consumers demand is more than Home
producers supply.
3. One good’s opportunity cost is the number of another good produced with the
same resources as used in the production of this good.
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