2、What matters is not the absolute abundance of factors, but their relative abundance. Poor countries have an abundance of labor relative to capital when compared to more developed countries.
六、Translate the following passage into Chinese: （15 points）
7、线性成本函数的固定成本引致规模经济。产出越大，单位固定成本越小。 8、市场规模影响垄断竞争行业的企业数量与价格。
9、在产业中无比较优势，国际贸易多因规模经济而非比较优势下的产业间的专业化。
4、没有好的经济评判方法来认定倾销特别有害。但美国贸易法限制外商倾销，
并自动启动关税。
5、基于外部经济的贸易对国民福利的影响比基于比较优势或是企业规模经济更为模糊。
《国际贸易理论与政策》试题及答案
第六套
一、Explain the following nouns:（15 points）
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Foreign export supply
Export-oriented industrialization Dumping
Inter-industry trade Exports subsidies
二、Fill in the following blanks with appropriate word or phrase: （10 points）
13. Good prices depend on__________ prices.
14. Owners of a country’s abundant factors__________ from trade, but owners of a
country’s scarce factors__________.
15. _______ leads to a convergence of goods prices, and this convergence , in turn,
also leads to a convergence of factor prices.
16. Internal economies of scale occur when the cost of per unit of goods depends on
the size of a __________.
三、Answer the following questions chiefly: （30 points）
25. What do factor movements include？
26. In 1986, the price of oil on world markets dropped sharply. Since the United
States is an oil-importing country, this was widely regarded as good for the U.S. economy. Yet, in Texas and Louisiana 1986 was a year of economic decline. Why？
27. Why will the relative derived demand for Home labor fall when the radio of
Foreign wages rises？
28. What are the stages of import-substitution？
29. Why can’t we observe complete factor price equalization in reality？ 30. What are the failings of the Recardian Model？
四、Justify true or false: （10 points）
1. Internal economies of scale leads to a perfectly competitive market structure with
many small firms. （ ）
2. Inter-industry trade reflects economics of scale. It is comparative advantage that
result in international trade. （ ）
3. Prices of internationally traded goods are not determined by supply and demand.
（ ）
4. Most economists regard the effects of international trade on income distribution
as a good reason to limit this trade. （ ）
5. Other things equal, a rise in a country’s terms of trade increases its welfare. （ ）
五、Discuss the following problems: （20 points）
1、In the United States where land is cheap, the ratio of land to labor used in cattle raising is higher than that of land used in wheat growing. But in more crowded countries, where land is expensive and labor is cheap, it is common to raise cows by using less land and more labor than Americans use to grow wheat. Can we still say that raising cattle is land intensive compared with farming wheat？Why or why not？
2、Japan primarily exports manufactured goods, while importing raw materials such as food and oil. Analyze the impact on Japan’s terms of trade of the following events:
a、A war in the Middle East disrupts oil supply.
b、Korea develops the ability to produce automobiles that it can sell in Canada and the United States.
六、Translate the following passage into Chinese: （15 points）
1、If Home imposes a tariff, it improves its terms of trade at Foreign’s expense. Thus tariffs hurt the rest of the world.
2、International trade plays a crucial role: It makes it possible for each country to produce a restricted range of goods and to take advantage of economies of scale without sacrificing variety in consumption. 3、The fixed cost in a linear cost function gives rise to economies of scale, because the larger the firm’s output, the less is the fixed cost per unit.
4、The number of firms in a monopolistically competitive industry and the prices they charge are affected by the size of the market.
5、There is often no clear comparative advantage within an industry, and much of international trade therefore takes the form of two-way exchanges within industries—probably driven in large part by economies of scale—rather than interindustry specialization driven by comparative advantage.
答案
一、Explain the following nouns: （15 points）
1. Foreign export supply means that Foreign producers supply is more than Foreign
consumers demand.
2. Export-oriented industrialization means that countries attempt to promote
economic growth and realize industrialization not via import substitution but via exporting manufactured goods. It is an outward-looking strategy.
3. Dumping is a pricing practice of charging a lower price for exported goods than
the same goods sold domestically.
4. The exchange of trading manufactures for food is called inter-industry trade.
5. Exports subsidies: payments given to domestic producers who sell a good abroad.
二、Fill in the following blanks with appropriate word or phrase: （10 points）
1. 2. 3. 4.
factor; gain; lose; Trade; firm;
三、Answering the following questions chiefly: （30 points）
1、Factor movements include labor migration, the transfer of capital via international borrowing and lending, and the subtle international linkages involved in the formation of multination corporations.
2、Texas and Louisiana are states with large oil-producing sectors. The real wage of oil-producing factors of production in terms of other goods falls when the price of oil falls relative to the price of other goods. This was the source of economic decline in these states in 1986.
3、First, as Home labor become more expensive relative to Foreign labor, goods produced in Home also become relatively more expensive, and world demand for these goods falls.
Second, as Home wages rise, fewer goods will be produced in Home and more in Foreign, further reducing the demand for Home labor.
4、There are two stages of import-substitution:
First, replace imported consumer goods by protecting final stage of industry. Second, replace imported intermediate goods by domestic products.
5、The reasons:
(1) Differences in resources to remain unspecialized; (2) Natural and artificial barriers to trade; (3) International differences in technology.
6、The failings of the Recardian Model：
(1) It has neglected the effects of inter- national trade on the income distribution within countries, and predicted countries as a whole could always gain from trade. In fact, some organized political opposition is much more important than the gains from trade.
(2) It predicts an extreme degree of specialization but not observed in the real world.
(3) It has neglected trade system
(4) It has not taken scale economy into the model, and this has weakened its explaining force on the large trade flows between apparently similar nations. (5) It has omitted the costs of labor movements among the industries.
四、Justify true or false: （10 points）
? ? ? ? ?
五、Discuss the following question: （20 points）
1、The definition of cattle growing as land intensive depends on the ratio of land to
labor used in production, not on the ratio of land or labor to output. The ratio of land to labor in cattle exceeds the ratio in wheat in the United States, implying cattle is land intensive in the United States. Cattle is land intensive in other countries too if the ratio of land to labor in cattle production exceeds the ratio in wheat production in that country. Comparisons between another country and the United States is less relevant for this purpose.
2、 a、Oil supply disruption from the Middle East decreases the supply of raw materials, which increases the world relative supply. The world relative supply curve shifts out, decreasing the world relative price of manufactured goods and deteriorating Japan’s terms of trade.
b、Korea’s increased automobile production increases the supply of manufactures, which increases the world RS. The world relative supply curve shifts out, decreasing the world relative price of manufactured goods and deteriorating Japan’s terms of trade.
六、Translate the following passage into Chinese: （15 points）
10、 如果本国征收关税，以外国为代价改善贸易条件，那么关税就损害了其他国家的利益。
11、 国际贸易的关键作用是使各国生产特定范围产品，并利用规模经济优势，且不牺牲消费种类组合而且还会增加。
12、 线性成本函数的固定成本引致规模经济。产出越大，单位固定成本越小。 13、 市场规模影响垄断竞争行业的企业数量与价格。
14、 在产业中无比较优势，国际贸易多因规模经济而非比较优势下的产业间的专业化。
《国际贸易理论与政策》试题及答案
第七套
一、Explain the following nouns:（15 points）
1. 2. 3. 4.
Reciprocal dumping Price discrimination Home import demand Opportunity cost
5. International borrowing and lending
二、Fill in the following blanks with appropriate word or phrase: （10 points）
17. External economies of scale leads to a __________ competitive market structure
with many small firms.
18. __________ trade reflects not comparative advantage but economics of scale. 19. As tariff raises the price of a good, consumers lose in the importing country and
gain in the exporting country; producers __________ in the importing country and __________ in the exporting country. In addition, the government imposing the tariff gains revenue.
20. In an idealized model international trade would actually lead to __________ of
the prices of factors such as labor and capital between countries.
三、Answer the following questions chiefly: （30 points）
31. What are the failings of the Recardian Model？
32. Why does international trade have strong effects on income distribution？ 33. What do both import tariffs and exports subsidies have terms of trade effects？ 34. What does the relationship between MR and price depends on？ 35. When can dumping occur？
36. What do factor movements include？
四、Justify true or false: （10 points）
1. In reality, we can observe complete factor price equalization. （ ）
2. Export-oriented industrialization means that countries attempt to promote
economic growth and realize industrialization via import substitution. It is an outward-looking strategy. （ ）
3. Prices of internationally traded goods are not determined by supply and demand.
（ ）
4. Most economists regard the effects of international trade on income distribution
as a good reason to limit this trade. （ ）
5. Other things equal, a rise in a country’s terms of trade increases its welfare. （ ）
五、Discuss the following problems: （20 points）
1、For each of the following examples, explain whether this is a case of external or internal economies of scale:
a、Most musical wind instruments in the United States are produced by more than a dozen factories in Elkhart, Indiana.
b、All Hondas sold in the United States are either imported or produced in Marysville, Ohio.
c、All airframes for Airbus, Europe’s only producer of large aircraft, are assembled in Toulouse, France.
d、Hartford, Connecticut, is the insurance capital of the northeastern United States.
2、In perfect competition, firms set price equal to marginal cost. Why is not this
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