possible when there are internal economies of scale？
六、Translate the following passage into Chinese: （15 points）
1、If Home imposes a tariff, it improves its terms of trade at Foreign’s expense. Thus tariffs hurt the rest of the world.
2、International trade plays a crucial role: It makes it possible for each country to produce a restricted range of goods and to take advantage of economies of scale without sacrificing variety in consumption. 3、The fixed cost in a linear cost function gives rise to economies of scale, because the larger the firm’s output, the less is the fixed cost per unit.
4、The number of firms in a monopolistically competitive industry and the prices they charge are affected by the size of the market.
5、There is often no clear comparative advantage within an industry, and much of international trade therefore takes the form of two-way exchanges within industries—probably driven in large part by economies of scale—rather than interindustry specialization driven by comparative advantage.
答案
一、Explain the following nouns: （15 points）
1. If two firms both dump in the other’s national market, the situation is known as
reciprocal dumping .
2. In general, the practice of charging different customers different prices is called
price discrimination.
3. Home import demand means that Home consumers demand is more than Home
producers supply.
4. One good’s opportunity cost is the number of another good produced with the
same resources as used in the production of this good.
5. International borrowing and lending can be viewed as a kind of international
trade, but one that involves trade of present consumption for future consumption rather than trade of one good for another.
二、Fill in the following blanks with appropriate word or phrase: （10 points）
1. 2. 3. 4.
perfectly; Intra-industry; gain; lose; equalization;
三、Answering the following questions chiefly: （30 points）
1、The failings of the Recardian Model：
(1) It has neglected the effects of inter- national trade on the income distribution within countries, and predicted countries as a whole could always gain from trade. In fact, some organized political opposition is much more important than the gains from trade.
(2) It predicts an extreme degree of specialization but not observed in the real world. (3) It has neglected trade system
(4) It has not taken scale economy into the model, and this has weakened its explaining force on the large trade flows between apparently similar nations. (5) It has omitted the costs of labor movements among the industries.
2、The reasons of international trade has strong effects on income distribution:
(1) Economic resources cannot move immediately or costlessly from a given industry to another.
(2) Industries differ in the factors of production they demand: A shift in the mix of goods that a country produces will ordinarily reduce the demand for some productive factors, while raising the demand for others.
3、Import tariffs: taxes levied on imports. Exports subsidies: payments given to domestic producers who sell a good abroad.
The distinctive feature of them is that they create a difference between prices at which goods are traded on the world market and their prices within a country.
Tariff: to make imported goods more expensive inside a country than? they are outside.
Export subsidies: to give producers an incentive to? export. The prices changes change both RS and RD.?
4、The relationship between MR and price depends on two things： Firstly, it depends on how much output the firm is already selling. Secondly, it depends on the slope of the demand curve.
5、Dumping can occur only if two conditions are met. First, the industry must be imperfectly competitive, so that firms set prices rather than taking market prices as given. Second, markets must be segmented, so that domestic consumers can not easily purchase goods intended for export.
6、Factor movements include labor migration, the transfer of capital via international borrowing and lending, and the subtle international linkages involved in the formation of multination corporations.
四、Justify true or false: （10 points）
? ? ? ? ?
五、Discuss the following question: （20 points）
1、Case a and d reflect external economies of scale since concentration of the production of an industry in a few locations reduces the industry’s costs even when the scale of operation of individual firms remains small. External economies need not lead to imperfect competition. The benefits of geographical concentration may include a greater variety of specialized services to support industry operations and larger labor markets or thicker input markets.
Cases b and c reflect internal economies of scale and occur at the level of the individual firm. The larger the output of a product by a particular firm, the lower its average costs. This leads to imperfect competition as in petrochemicals, aircraft, and autos.
2、The profit maximizing output level of a monopolist occurs where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. Unlike the case of perfectly competitive markets, under monopoly marginal revenue is not equal to price. Marginal revenue is always less than price under imperfectly competitive markets because to sell an extra unit of output the firm must lower the price of all units, not just the marginal one.
六、Translate the following passage into Chinese: （15 points）
15、 如果本国征收关税，以外国为代价改善贸易条件，那么关税就损害了其他国家的利益。
16、 国际贸易的关键作用是使各国生产特定范围产品，并利用规模经济优势，且不牺牲消费种类组合而且还会增加。
17、 线性成本函数的固定成本引致规模经济。产出越大，单位固定成本越小。 18、 市场规模影响垄断竞争行业的企业数量与价格。
19、 在产业中无比较优势，国际贸易多因规模经济而非比较优势下的产业间的专业化。
《国际贸易理论与政策》试题及答案
第八套
一、Explain the following nouns:（15 points）
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Specific factors model Relative wage
Export-biased growth Producer surplus Ad valorem tariffs
二、Fill in the following blanks with appropriate word or phrase: （10 points）
21. External economies of scale leads to a __________ competitive market structure
with many small firms.
22. __________ trade reflects not comparative advantage but economics of scale. 23. As tariff raises the price of a good, consumers lose in the importing country and
gain in the exporting country; producers __________ in the importing country and __________ in the exporting country. In addition, the government imposing the tariff gains revenue.
24. In an idealized model international trade would actually lead to __________ of
the prices of factors such as labor and capital between countries.
三、Answer the following questions chiefly: （30 points）
37. What are the failings of the Recardian Model？
38. Why does international trade have strong effects on income distribution？ 39. What do both import tariffs and exports subsidies have terms of trade effects？ 40. What is the significance of intra-industry trade？ 41. When can dumping occur？
42. Why may a cluster of firms be more efficient than an individual firm in
isolation？
四、Justify true or false: （10 points）
1. External and internal economies of scale have the same effects on the structure of
industries. （ ）
2. Export-oriented industrialization means that countries attempt to promote
economic growth and realize industrialization via import substitution. It is an outward-looking strategy. （ ）
3. The pattern of intra-industry trade itself is predictable. （ ）
4. Most economists regard the effects of international trade on income distribution
as a good reason to limit this trade. （ ）
5. Other things equal, a rise in a country’s terms of trade increases its welfare. （ ）
五、Discuss the following problems: （20 points）
1、Evaluate the relative importance of economies of scale and comparative advantage in causing the following:
a、 Most of the world’s aluminum is smelted in Norway or Canada. b、Half of the world’s large jet aircrafts are assembled in Seattle.
c、 Most semiconductors are manufactured in either the United States or Japan. d、Most Scotch whiskey comes from Scotland. e、 Much of the world’s best wine comes from France.
2、There are some shops in Japan that sell Japanese goods imported back from the United States at a discount over the prices charged by other Japanese shops. How is this possible？
六、Translate the following passage into Chinese: （15 points）
1、an economy’s productive capacity is described by its PPF, the differences in PPF bring out trade.
2、Production possibilities determine a country’s RS. 3、The fixed cost in a linear cost function gives rise to economies of scale, because the larger the firm’s output, the less is the fixed cost per unit.
4、The number of firms in a monopolistically competitive industry and the prices they charge are affected by the size of the market.
5、There is often no clear comparative advantage within an industry, and much of international trade therefore takes the form of two-way exchanges within industries—probably driven in large part by economies of scale—rather than interindustry specialization driven by comparative advantage.
答案
一、Explain the following nouns: （15 points）
1. Specific factors model allows for a distinction between general-purpose factors
that can move between sectors and factors that are specific to particular uses. In this model, differences in resources can cause countries to have different relative supply curves, and thus cause international trade.
2. The relative wage of a country’s workers is the amount they’re paid per hour,
compared with the amount in another country are paid per hour.
3. Export-biased growth is the growth that disproportionately expands a country’s
production possibilities in the direction of the good it exports.
4. Producer surplus is the difference between the price a producer actually charges
and the price he would have been willing to charge.
5. Ad valorem tariffs are taxes levied as a fraction of the value of the imported
goods.
二、Fill in the following blanks with appropriate word or phrase: （10 points）
5. 6. 7. 8.
perfectly; Intra-industry; gain; lose; equalization;
三、Answering the following questions chiefly: （30 points）
1、The failings of the Recardian Model：
(1) It has neglected the effects of inter- national trade on the income distribution within countries, and predicted countries as a whole could always gain from trade. In fact, some organized political opposition is much more important than the gains from trade.
(2) It predicts an extreme degree of specialization but not observed in the real world. (3) It has neglected trade system
(4) It has not taken scale economy into the model, and this has weakened its explaining force on the large trade flows between apparently similar nations. (5) It has omitted the costs of labor movements among the industries.
2、The reasons of international trade has strong effects on income distribution:
(1) Economic resources cannot move immediately or costlessly from a given industry to another.
(2) Industries differ in the factors of production they demand: A shift in the mix of goods that a country produces will ordinarily reduce the demand for some productive factors, while raising the demand for others.
3、Import tariffs: taxes levied on imports. Exports subsidies: payments given to domestic producers who sell a good abroad.
The distinctive feature of them is that they create a difference between prices at which goods are traded on the world market and their prices within a country.
Tariff: to make imported goods more expensive inside a country than? they are outside.
Export subsidies: to give producers an incentive to? export.
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