国际贸易学理论与政策 试题(3)

600( 1200/2) the banana

b、The opportunity cost of apples in terms of bananas is 3÷2=1.5.

c、Labor mobility ensures a common wage in each sector and competition ensures the price of goods equals their cost of production. Thus, the relative price equals the relative costs, which equals the wage times the unit labor requirement for apples divided by the wage times the unit labor requirement for bananas. Since wages are equal across sectors, the price ratio equals the ratio of the unit labor requirement, which is 3 apples per 2 bananas.

六、Translate the following passage into Chinese:（15 points）

1、没有好的经济评判方法来认定倾销特别有害。但美国贸易法限制外商倾销，并自动启动关税。

2、基于外部经济的贸易对国民福利的影响比基于比较优势或是企业规模经济更为模糊。

3、知识外溢导致随着行业技术经验的积累而使个体企业生产成本下降。

4、要素的国际流动更多难于政治而非贸易。由此，要素流动易于受到限制。 5、一国要在给定土地上雇佣更多劳动力就必须移向劳动密集型技术的生产。事实上是很困难的，这是因为土地与劳动力存在替代。

《国际贸易理论与政策》试题及答案

第三套

一、Explain the following nouns:（15 points）

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Opportunity cost

International borrowing and lending Specific factors model Relative wage Dumping

二、Fill in the following blanks with appropriate word or phrase: （10 points）

1. Owners of a country’s abundant factors__________ from trade, but owners of a

country’s scarce factors__________.

2. _______ leads to a convergence of goods prices, and this convergence , in turn,

also leads to a convergence of factor prices.

3. An economy’s productive capacity is described by its __________, the

differences in which bring out trade;

4. __________ means that countries attempt to promote economic growth and

realize industrialization not via import substitution but via exporting manufactured goods. It is an outward-looking strategy.

三、Answer the following questions chiefly: （30 points）

7. What’s the theory of comparative advantage?

8. Why is trade a source of potential gain for everyone?

9. What do both import tariffs and exports subsidies have terms of trade effects？ 10. How many kinds of economies of scale are there？When do they occur？ 11. What is the significance of intra-industry trade？

12. How does the fact that many goods are nontraded affect the extent of possible

gains from trade？

四、Justify true or false: （10 points）

1. The relative importance of intra-industry and inter-industry trade depends on how

similar countries are. （ ）.

2. Foreign tariffs are always bad for a country and foreign export subsidies always

beneficial. （ ）

3. The terms of trade correspond to internal prices. （ ）

4. In a perfectly competitive market, firms are price setters. （ ）

5. Growth that is import-biased worsens a country’s terms of trade. （ ）

五、Calculate the following question: （20 points）

5、Home has 1200 units of labor available. It can produce two goods, and bananas. The unit labor requirement in apple production is 3, while in banana production it is 2. There is now also another country, Foreign, with a labor force of 800. Foreign’s unit labor requirement in apple production is 5, while in banana production it is 1.

a、 Graph Home’s production possibility frontier. b、Graph Foreign’s production possibility frontier. c、 Construct the world relative supply curve.

六、Translate the following passage into Chinese:（15 points）

1、If Home imposes a tariff, it improves its terms of trade at Foreign’s expense. Thus tariffs hurt the rest of the world.

2、International trade plays a crucial role: It makes it possible for each country to produce a restricted range of goods and to take advantage of economies of scale without sacrificing variety in consumption. 3、The fixed cost in a linear cost function gives rise to economies of scale, because the larger the firm’s output, the less is the fixed cost per unit.

4、The number of firms in a monopolistically competitive industry and the prices they charge are affected by the size of the market.

5、There is often no clear comparative advantage within an industry, and much of international trade therefore takes the form of two-way exchanges within industries—probably driven in large part by economies of scale—rather than interindustry specialization driven by comparative advantage.

答案

一、Explain the following nouns: （15 points）

1. One good’s opportunity cost is the number of another good produced with the

same resources as used in the production of this good.

2. International borrowing and lending can be viewed as a kind of international

trade, but one that involves trade of present consumption for future consumption rather than trade of one good for another.

3. Specific factors model allows for a distinction between general-purpose factors

that can move between sectors and factors that are specific to particular uses. In this model, differences in resources can cause countries to have different relative supply curves, and thus cause international trade.

4. The relative wage of a country’s workers is the amount they’re paid per hour,

compared with the amount in another country are paid per hour.

5. Dumping is a pricing practice of charging a lower price for exported goods than

the same goods sold domestically.

二、Fill in the following blanks with appropriate word or phrase: （10 points）

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

gain; lose; Trade; PPF;

Export-oriented industrialization;

三、Answering the following questions chiefly: （30 points）

1、Prerequisite: labors can move only in their own country; there exists international differences in the productivity of labor.

According to Ricardo reasoned, although international trade could? take place on the basis of absolute advantage, gains from trade on the basis of comparative advantage can also take place.

Trade between two countries can benefit mutually if each country? specializes in and exports the goods in which it has a comparative advantage. Then, the trade becomes a positive-sum game.

The main point of? Ricardian argument is that the basis for and the gains from trade rest on comparative advantage which is due to international differences in the productivity of labor, not absolute advantage.

2、Trade expands the economy’s consumption possibilities: Meaning it’s always possible to redistribute income in such a way that everyone gains from trade.

3、Import tariffs: taxes levied on imports. Exports subsidies: payments given to domestic producers who sell a good abroad.

The distinctive feature of them is that they create a difference between prices at which goods are traded on the world market and their prices within a country.

Tariff: to make imported goods more expensive inside a country than? they are outside.

Export subsidies: to give producers an incentive to? export.

The prices changes change both RS and RD.?

4、There are two kinds of economies of scale :

External economies of scale occur when the cost of per unit of goods depends on the size of the industry;

Internal economies of scale occur when the cost of per unit of goods depends on the size of a firm.

5、In general, industries with high levels of intra-industry trade tend to be manufactured goods. On the other hand, the industries with very little intra-industry trade are mostly labor-intensive products.

6、Gains from trade still exist in the presence of nontraded goods. The gains from trade decline as the share of nontraded goods increases. In other words, the higher the portion of goods which do not enter international marketplace, the lower the potential gains from trade. If transport costs were high enough so that no goods were traded then, obviously, there would be no gains from trade.

四、Justify true or false: （10 points）

? ? ? ? ?

五、Calculate the following question: （20 points）

1、 a、 the apple

400(1200/3)

b、 the apple

160(800/5) c、

relative price of the apple 5/1

Home’s PPF

600( 1200/2) the banana

Foreign’s PPF

800( 800/1) the banana

RS

3/2

1200/3(800/1) relative quantity of the apple

六、Translate the following passage into Chinese:（15 points）

1、如果本国征收关税，以外国为代价改善贸易条件，那么关税就损害了其他国家的利益。

2、国际贸易的关键作用是使各国生产特定范围产品，并利用规模经济优势，且不牺牲消费种类组合而且还会增加。

3、线性成本函数的固定成本引致规模经济。产出越大，单位固定成本越小。 4、市场规模影响垄断竞争行业的企业数量与价格。

5、在产业中无比较优势，国际贸易多因规模经济而非比较优势下的产业间的专业化。

《国际贸易理论与政策》试题及答案

第四套

一、Explain the following nouns:（15 points）

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Price discrimination Home import demand Comparative advantage Import-biased growth Specific tariffs

二、Fill in the following blanks with appropriate word or phrase: （10 points）

5. PPF determine an economy’s __________;

6. World equilibrium is determined by__________ and a __________ that is

between the nations’ RS

7. __________trade reflects comparative advantage. It is comparative advantage

that result in international trade.

8. External economies of scale occur when the cost of per unit of goods depends on

the size of the __________.

三、Answer the following questions chiefly: （30 points）

13. I s growth in the rest of the world good or bad for a given country? 14. What does the relationship between MR and price depends on？ 15. When can dumping occur？

16. How is trade based on external economies in its effects on national welfare？ 17. Why will the relative derived demand for Home labor fall when the radio of

Foreign wages rises？

18. In 1986, the price of oil on world markets dropped sharply. Since the United

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