The prices ch?anges change both RS and RD.
4、In general, industries with high levels of intra-industry trade tend to be manufactured goods. On the other hand, the industries with very little intra-industry trade are mostly labor-intensive products.
5、Dumping can occur only if two conditions are met. First, the industry must be imperfectly competitive, so that firms set prices rather than taking market prices as given. Second, markets must be segmented, so that domestic consumers can not easily purchase goods intended for export. 6、Three main reasons: the ability of a cluster to support specialized suppliers; the way that a geographically concentrated industry allows labor market pooling; and the way that a geographically concentrated industry helps foster knowledge spillovers.
四、Justify true or false: （10 points）
? ? ? ? ?
五、Discuss the following question: （20 points）
1、a、The relatively few locations for production suggest external economies of scale in production. If these operations are large, there may also be large internal economies of scale in production.
b、Since economies of scale are significant in airplane production, it tends to be done by a small number of firms at a limited number of locations. One such location is Seattle, where Boeing produces.
c、Since external economies of scale are significant in semiconductor production, semiconductor industries tend to be concentrated in certain geographic locations. If for some historical reasons, a semiconductor is established in a specific location, the export of semiconductors by that country is due to economies of scale and not comparative advantage.
d、“True” scotch whiskey can only come from Scotland. The production of scotch whiskey requires a technique known to skilled distillers who are concentrated in the region. Also, soil and climactic conditions are favorable for grains used in local scotch production. This reflects comparative advantage.
e、France has a particular blend of climactic conditions and land that is difficult to reproduce elsewhere. This generates a comparative advantage in wine production.
2、The Japanese producers are price discriminating across United States and Japanese markets, so that the goods sold in the United States are much cheaper than those sold in Japan. It may be profitable for other Japanese to purchase these goods in the United States, incur any tariffs and transportation costs, and resell the goods in Japan. Clearly, the price differential across markets must be non-trivial for this to be profitable. 六、
Translate the following passage into Chinese: （15 points）
20、 21、 22、 23、 24、
经济的生产能力是由PPF来决定的。PPF的差异引起贸易。 生产可能决定一国的相对供给状况。 线性成本函数的固定成本引致规模经济。产出越大，单位固定成本越小。 市场规模影响垄断竞争行业的企业数量与价格。
在产业中无比较优势，国际贸易多因规模经济而非比较优势下的产业间
的专业化。
《国际贸易理论与政策》试题及答案
第九套
一、Explain the following nouns:（15 points）
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Biased growth Intra-industry trade Consumer surplus Specific factors model Ad valorem tariffs
二、Fill in the following blanks with appropriate word or phrase: （10 points）
25. External economies of scale leads to a __________ competitive market structure
with many small firms.
26. If a country’s opportunity cost of producing one good in terms of other goods is
lower than that in other countries, this country has a__________ in the production of this good.
27. In an idealized model international trade would actually lead to __________ of the prices of
factors such as labor and capital between countries.
28. As tariff raises the price of a good, consumers lose in the importing country and
gain in the exporting country; producers __________ in the importing country and __________ in the exporting country. In addition, the government imposing the tariff gains revenue.
三、Answer the following questions chiefly: （30 points）
43. Why does international trade have strong effects on income distribution？ 44. What do both import tariffs and exports subsidies have terms of trade effects？ 45. What benefits and costs does the tariff bring for the importing country？
46. What benefits and costs does an export subsidy bring for the exporting country？ 47. Why do countries engage in international trade？ 48. Why may relative world demand for goods shift？
四、Justify true or false: （10 points）
6. External and internal economies of scale have the same effects on the structure of
industries. （ ）
7. Export-oriented industrialization means that countries attempt to promote
economic growth and realize industrialization via import substitution. It is an outward-looking strategy. （ ）
8. Growth that is export-biased improves the terms of trade. （ ）
9. Tariffs and export subsidies are often treated as similar policies, since they both
seem to support domestic producers, and they have same effects on the terms of
trade. （ ）
10. Other things equal, a rise in a country’s terms of trade increases its welfare. （ ）
五、Discuss the following problems: （20 points）
1、Which of the following are direct foreign investments, and which are not？ a、A Saudi businessman buys ＄10 million of IBM stock. b、The same businessman buys a New York apartment building.
c、A French company merges with an American company; stockholders in the U.S. company exchange their stock for shares in the French firm.
d、An Italian firm builds a plant in Russia and manages the plant as a contractor to the Russia government.
2、The Karma Computer Company has decided to open a Brazilian subsidiary. Brazilian import restrictions have prevented the firm from selling into that market, while the firm has been unwilling to sell or lease its patents to Brazilian firms because it fears this will eventually hurt its technological advantage in the U.S. market. Analyze Karma’s decision in terms of the theory of multinational enterprise.
六、Translate the following passage into Chinese: （15 points）
1、an economy’s productive capacity is described by its PPF, the differences in PPF bring out trade.
2、Production possibilities determine a country’s RS. 3、The fixed cost in a linear cost function gives rise to economies of scale, because the larger the firm’s output, the less is the fixed cost per unit.
4、The number of firms in a monopolistically competitive industry and the prices they charge are affected by the size of the market.
5、There is often no clear comparative advantage within an industry, and much of international trade therefore takes the form of two-way exchanges within industries—probably driven in large part by economies of scale—rather than interindustry specialization driven by comparative advantage.
答案
一、Explain the following nouns: （15 points）
1. Biased growth: the PPF shifts out more in one direction than in the other.
2. The exchange of trading manufactures for manufactures is called intra-industry
trade.
3. Consumer surplus is the difference between the price a consumer actually pays
and the price he would have been willing to pay.
4. Specific factors model allows for a distinction between general-purpose factors
that can move between sectors and factors that are specific to particular uses. In this model, differences in resources can cause countries to have different relative supply curves, and thus cause international trade.
5. Ad valorem tariffs are taxes levied as a fraction of the value of the imported
goods.
二、Fill in the following blanks with appropriate word or phrase: （10 points）
1. 2. 3. 4.
perfectly;
comparative advantage; equalization; gain; lose;
三、Answering the following questions chiefly: （30 points）
1、The reasons of international trade has strong effects on income distribution:
(1) Economic resources cannot move immediately or costlessly from a given industry to another.
(2) Industries differ in the factors of production they demand: A shift in the mix of goods that a country produces will ordinarily reduce the demand for some productive factors, while raising the demand for others.
2、Import tariffs: taxes levied on imports. Exports subsidies: payments given to domestic producers who sell a good abroad.
The distinctive feature of them is that they create a difference between prices at which goods are traded on the world market and their prices within a country.
Tariff: to make imported goods more expensive inside a country than? they are outside.
Export subsidies: to give producers an incentive to? export. The prices changes change both RS and RD.?
3、(1) Domestic producers gain from the tariff. (2) Domestic consumers suffer loss from the tariff.
(3) The government gains from the tariff by collecting tariff revenue. 4、In the exporting country, consumers lose, producers gain, and the government loses because it must expend money on the subsidy.
5、First, countries trade because they are different from each other. Second, countries trade to achieve economies of scale in production.
6、(1) Taste may change;
(2) Technology may also change demand.
四、Justify true or false: （10 points）
? ? ? ? ?
五、Discuss the following question: （20 points）
1、 a、＄10 million is not a controlling interest in IBM, so this does not qualify as direct foreign investment. It is international portfolio diversification.
b、This is direct foreign investment if one considers the apartment building a business which pays returns in terms of rents.
c、Unless particular U.S. shareholders will not have control over the new French company, this will not be direct foreign investment.
d、This is not direct foreign investment since the Italian company is an “employee,”but not the ones which ultimately control, the company.
2、In terms of location, the Karma company has avoided Brazilian import restrictions. In terms of internalization, the firm has retained its control over the technology by not divulging its patents.
六、Translate the following passage into Chinese: （15 points）
25、 经济的生产能力是由PPF来决定的。PPF的差异引起贸易。 26、 生产可能决定一国的相对供给状况。 27、 线性成本函数的固定成本引致规模经济。产出越大，单位固定成本越小。 28、 市场规模影响垄断竞争行业的企业数量与价格。
29、 在产业中无比较优势，国际贸易多因规模经济而非比较优势下的产业间的专业化。
《国际贸易理论与政策》试题及答案
第十套
一、Explain the following nouns:（15 points）
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Import tariffs Economies of scale Foreign export supply
Export-oriented industrialization Dumping
二、Fill in the following blanks with appropriate word or phrase: （10 points）
29. If a country’s opportunity cost of producing one good in terms of other goods is
lower than that in other countries, this country has a__________ in the production of this good.
30. In an idealized model international trade would actually lead to __________ of the prices of
factors such as labor and capital between countries.
31. __________ reflects the possibility of all maximum combinations of two goods
that a country can produce by exploiting its limited resources.
32. Good prices depend on__________ prices.
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