《翻译》(2)课程大纲及教案
Lecture Five: Translation of words. Week 5
◇Time Needed:Two periods(40 minutes per period)
◇Teaching Objectives:
I. Train students to work out the appropriate denotative meaning from context and logic deduction. II. Acquaint students with the idea that denotative meanings of words are seldom coincide between English and Chinese.
◇Key Teaching Points:
I. Working out the appropriate denotative meaning from context and logic deduction ◇Difficult Teaching Points:
I. Translation of verbs from Chinese to English. ◇Teaching Contents:
I. Check last homework.
II. Transplanting functions of the discourses
1. Work out the appropriate denotative meaning
汉语有许多词语重意合,其外形不完整,其含义靠人们的语言习得去感悟。例如,“他是在大街上扫垃圾的。”“扫垃圾的”外形不完整,但是操汉语的人根据语言习得能明白这是“搞清洁工作”或“清洁工”的意思。“我想买辆车,但是家里不同意。”这里的“家里”可能指父母、丈夫或妻子。“他们准备在这里建一座宾馆,但市里不批。”市里决不是指城市,也不是指市里的所有官员,而是指市政府有关主管部门。“这件事你得去找我们当家的。”“他靠蹬三轮谋生。“她现在每个月已经拿五本了。”“找我们当家的”、“靠蹬三轮”、“拿五本”这些词语的外形都不完整,分别省略了“去商量”、“赚钱”、“五千元工资”。“和气生财”实际是“态度如果和蔼,就可以使自己的生意兴隆”的浓缩形式,内含条件。再如:“这真是狗咬吕洞宾。”“这无异于老公公背儿媳妇过河。”翻译这些词语时应突破汉语重直觉、重表象的思维模式,寻求词语的确切含义。 例:昨天看电影我没有买到好票。
[译文]I did not buy a good seat for yesterday’s film.
[分析]“好票”在这里比较笼统,实际上是指“好座位”。 例:烟囱通风不好,所以火不旺。
[译文]There is not much draught up the chimney;that’s why the fire doessn’t burn well. [分析]这里的“不好”与品质的好坏无关,概念相当笼统。所谓“通风不好”,实际上是指“没有足够的通风”,“气流不足(畅)”。如译为“not good”或“bad”,则完全违背原意。 例:“行动比言语更响亮”可能老掉牙了,但它仍不失为一条真理。
[译文] “Actions speak louder than words” may be an over-worn phrase,but it’s still true. [分析]“老掉牙了”是个浓缩的意合词,译时必须把其含义译出并使其外形完整。 例:这个车间既做来料加工,又做来样加工。
[译文]This workshop processes raw materials on client’s demand and processes according to investor’s samples as well. [分析]“来料加工”、“来样加工”都是浓缩的意合句,应译出完整的含义。
例:我银行里为你挂个名,你白天去走走,晚上教教我儿子,一面找机会,好不好?
[译文]I’ll put you on the payroll at the bank.You can drop in during the day and in the evening tutor my son while looking for a job.How’s that?
[分析]“去走走”内含“随便去看看,露个面”的意思。“教教”指“个别辅导”,“为??当家庭教师”,所以不能泛泛地译为“teach”。
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《翻译》(2)课程大纲及教案
例:她在中国留学服务中心工作。
[译文]She works at the Chinese Service Centre for Scholarly Exchange.
[分析]此处的“留学”的含义根据服务中心业务范围而定,不能简单译为“study abroad”。中心可能为准备留学的学生服务,也可能为归国留学生提供服务,还可以为外国来学习的留学生服务。所以“留学”在这里译成了“scholarly exchange”。 例:这个我自己决定不了,我得请示请示上边儿。
[译文]I can’t decide on it personally.I have to ask the top kick. [分析]“上边儿”是意合词,指“拥有决定权和统治权的人”。必须译出其真实含义。
2. 正确表达原文的指称意义 有些词语的翻译,应紧密结合上下文译成相应词语,而不能按照原词的外形来译。例如“一次性”,译成英语就应用不同的词来表达。“一次性付款”译为lump-sum payment”;“一次性筷子”译为“disposable chopsticks”;“一次性处理品”译为“goods sold at bargain prices without admissible returned purchase”;“一次性注射器”译为“one-shot injectors”。 例:这所全国重点大学为社会输送了大批的人才。
[译文]The national key university has prepared batches of qualified graduates for the society. [分析]在这里“输送”是一个笼统模糊的词,具体说来是指“培养出”。“人才”也是一个比较笼统的词,这里译为“graduates”。 t
例:要在不到十年中实现小康目标,任务是很艰难的,因为中国人口众多,底子薄,各地发展不平衡,??
[译文]Given China’s huge population,low economic starting level and uneven development in different parts of the country, a relatively comfortable standard of living will not be easy to reach before the next century…. [分析]“底子薄”的概念相当笼统;“小康”也是,可译为“comfortably off”,“comparatively well—off”,“better-off standard”。这里都是按基本意思翻译。 例:“慰问”一词译成英语时应根据被慰问的对象选词。 ①这些村民每年都到附近去慰问解放军。 Every year,the villagers go to see the PLA men stationed nearby,bringing gifts and greetings to them.
②每年春节期间,当地官员往往去慰问烈军属。
At Spring Festival every year, the local officials tend to pay New Year calls to servicemen’s families and revolutionary rnartyrs’ families. ③他到医院慰问病号去了。
He has gone to the hospital to visit the patients from his institution. ④政府派了一个慰问团去慰问洪水灾区的人民。
The government sent a special group to the flood-stricken area to express sympathy and solicitude for the people there.
⑤这些慰问袋春节之前要发到下岗职工手里。
These gift (comfort) bags must be extended to our layoffs before the Spring Festival comes.
III. 汉英动词翻译的特点
汉语动词的含义比较单一,其修饰意义往往需要副词配合。英语动词的表达能力强,不仅表达动作本身,而且还包含有修饰意义。所以翻译带副词修饰的汉语动词时,不少情况下不使用副词。
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《翻译》(2)课程大纲及教案
例:一座古塔阴森森地矗立在山腰上。
[译文]An ancient pagoda frowns on the mountainside.
[分析]“阴森森地”不能再译出,因为它已包含于动词之中。 例:他摸索着把门打开。
[译文]He fumbled the door open. 例:暴风雨狂袭了一阵后停了。 [译文]The storm raved itself out.
例:我的姐姐又因为我不爱整洁而向我唠叨地劝诫了。
[译文]My sister has been preaching at me again about my lack of neatness. [分析]“唠叨”不再译出,它已包含于“preach at”之中。
例:这个案子很难办,但那个受审的人已事先得到律师的仔细指点。
[译文]It was a difficult case,but the man on trial has been carefully primed by his lawyer. [分析]“to prime sb.”就是“事先指点”的意思,所以“事先”不能再译出。
IV. 语篇词语的翻译
所谓语篇词语是指在文章中表示各种语言关系的词语,除了连接词以外,还有一些实义单词或词组。翻译语篇词语,一定要紧扣语境要求,同时注意变换说法,以保证用词的多样化。 【例1】“首先,??”(译成英语有多种译法:First;Firstly;At first;First of all;To begin with等。) 【例2】“第二(三、四、五??)”可译为“second(secondly;third,thirdly;fourth;fifth?)。 【例3】“最后,??”(可以译为:lastly;at last;finally;eventually;to conclude等等。) 【例4】“虽然??,”有多种表达法,应注意交替使用,不可只使用一种表达法。 ①文章虽短,但很有说服力。
The article is very convincing though it is short. ②他虽很努力,但没成功。
For all his efforts,he didn't succeed.
③你虽然取得了成绩,但仍应保持谦虚。
You should remain modest despite your achievements. ④她们虽是女流但却争着抢着干最重的活。
Women as they were i they sought for the hardest job. ⑤革命烈士虽死犹荣。
The revolutionary martyrs died a glorious death.
⑥虽然自己曾和她信誓旦旦,但此一时也彼一时也。
Times have changed.To hell with all those solemn vows I've made to her. 【例5】“总之;简言之;一言以蔽之;一句话??”可以译为:in a word;in short;in brief;briefly;in sum;in conclusion;to put it in a nutshell等。
V. Discussion VI. Homework
1.他这是吃不了兜着走。
[译文]He landed himself in serious trouble.
[分析]“吃不了兜着走”只能译其内在的含义。 2.千万别走漏半点风声。
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《翻译》(2)课程大纲及教案
[译文]Do remember never to let any single soul know about it.
[分析]这里的“别走漏半点风声”喻指“别让任何人知道”,所以只能译义。 3.他们成不了什么气候。
[分析]如译为“They cannot become weather.”英、美读者肯定会丈二和尚摸不着头脑。按照汉语的真实含意,宜变通译为: They cannot prevail. They cannot hold sway. They cannot have their way. 4.我们无法向人民交待。
[分析]汉语中的“向??交待”可能含有三种意思:一是“布置任务”或“嘱托事情”,二是“坦白错误或罪行”,三是“解释说明”。这句汉语肯定是第三种意思。因此译为: It would be difficult for us to account for it to the people. We will not be able to justify ourselves to the people. We can’t present the case to the people. We can’t face our own people. 5.夜已很深了。
[分析]初学翻译的人一看到这个汉语句子,可能马上会想到
“deep”这个对应词。把原文译为:The night is very deep.(注:可以译成:It is already deep night.)而正确的译文应是:The night is well advanced/is growing late/has grown old.
6.不过更重要的是法国人没能在诸如机床、照相机和计算机等需求量最大的、他们称之为拳头产品的市场上占据重要的一席之地。
[译文]More to the point,however,is France’s failure to establish a major presence in the market for what the French call point forte products,those in greatest demand,such as machine
tools,cameras and computers.
[赏析]何谓“拳头产品”?概念比较笼统。“point forte”是法文词,意思是“长处”、“优点”、“强点”等。我们不妨借他山之石,用“point forte product”表示“拳头产品”。如果“拳头产品”出自厂家之口(如“我们要打出拳头产品”),也可考虑译为“hit/knock-out/favorably competitive product”(具有竞争力的产品)。但是无论是哪一种情况,都不宜译为“fist product”。
7.读书成了我惟一的精神寄托。
[译文]Reading has become my only meat and drink.
[赏析]“精神寄托”是一个意义较为含糊的词,这里译为meat and drink\意思是“最大的乐趣”,“食粮”。也可译为“spiritual sustenance”(精神食粮;精神支柱)。 8.我只是普通教员,只得朋友托朋友向出版商推荐这本书。
[译文]Being a mere school teacher I had to ask my friends who had to ask their friends who had any pull with the publishers to peddle this book. [赏析]①汉语中的“普通老百姓”、“普通一兵”、“普通干部”、“普通工人”、“一个小秘书”、“一个小工人”等等,一般都不按其字面意义译。这里译为“a mere school teacher”是妥当的。 ②“朋友托朋友”中的“托”字相当笼统,这里译为“had to ask my friends who had to ask their friends who had any pull with the publishers to peddle?”。 9.他女儿是个品学兼优的好学生。
[译文]His daughter is a student with a fine record of behavior and achievement.
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《翻译》(2)课程大纲及教案
[赏析]“品学兼优”是浓缩的意合词,这里译出了它的确切含义。“好学生”中的“好”
字不能再译出,因为已包含于“品学兼优”之中。汉语为了音韵效果可以说“品学兼优的好学生”,但要按字面意思译成英语就会违反逻辑。
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