药学专业英语-AD-讲稿(6)

Clinical presentation4 临床表现 4

Noncognitive symptoms such as mood disturbances, disruptive behavior, and psychosis are present at one time or another in most patients and can pose mood [mu:d]

n. 情绪，语气；心境；气氛 disturbances [dis't?:b?nsiz]: 扰动 | 干扰 | 动乱

psychosis [sa?'k??s?s] n. 精神病；精神错乱

significant

management

problems. 非认知障碍如情绪失常，行为分裂，和偶然或者多数病人精神失常，并且导致显著管理问题。

It is important to recognize that the psychotic symptoms charactering AD are substantially different from those seen in nondemented patients, such as those with schizophrenia. 应认识到以精神失常为特点的AD病人本质是不同于那些没有痴呆的病人，如精神分裂症的病人。

Delusions in AD more often to appear to be an attempt to explain things that have been forgotten. AD的妄想更多的表现为试图解释一些被忘记的事情。

pose [p ? ? z]: 姿势 | 摆姿势 | 造成

management ['m?n?d?m(?)nt]: 管理 | 经营 | 管理学

recognize ['rek?ɡna?z] vt. 认出，识别；承认 vi. 确认，承认；具结 psychotic [sa?'k?t?k] n. 精神病患者；疯子 adj. 精神病的

substantially [s?b'st?n?(?)l?] adv. 实质上；大体上；充分地 schizophrenia [,sk?ts?(?)'fri:n??] n. [内科] 精神分裂症

delusion [d?'l(j)u:?(?)n] n. 迷惑，欺骗；错觉；幻想

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Diagnosis 1 诊断 1

Minor memory loss, sometimes called age-associated memory impairment, is a common complaint associated with normal aging and is not a cause for diagnosis [,da??g'n??s?s]: n. 诊断

minor ['ma?n?]

adj. 未成年的；次要的；较小的；小调的；二流的

n. 未成年人；小调；副修科目

social ['s???(?)l]

concern.轻度记忆缺失，有时叫做年龄相关的联想记忆缺陷，通常与正常衰老相关联，非疾病状态。

If memory loss affects social or occupational functioning, or is noticed by friends, patients need to evaluated formally. 若记忆缺失影响社会或职业功能，或由朋友发现，病人需要正式的评估。

“NINCDS-ADRDA Criteria” At present, the only way to definitively diagnose

AD

is

through

direct

examination of brain tissue at autopsy or biopsy. Because no definitive diagnostic

laboratory,

clinical,

or

imaging tests are available, AD remains a diagnosis of exclusion.目前，唯一诊断AD的方式是通过直接取尸检或活检脑组织检查。因为没有特征性的实验室，临床或影像检查存在，AD主要靠排除法诊断。

Patients fullfilling the criteria are given a diagnosis of probable AD.满足标准的病人诊断为疑似AD。

adj. 社会的，社交的；群居的 n. 联谊会；联欢会

occupational [?kj?'pe??(?)n(?)l] adj. 职业的；占领的 evaluate [?'v?lj?e?t]

vt. 评价；估价；求?的值 vi. 评价；估价

criteria [kra?'t??r??]

n. 标准，条件（criterion的复数）

definitively ['definitivli] adv. 决定性地；最后地 direct [da??rekt]: 直接 | 指导 | 管理 autopsy ['?:t?ps?; ?:'t?ps?]

n. 验尸；[病理][特医] 尸体解剖；[病理][特医] 尸体剖检 biopsy ['ba??ps?]

n. 活组织检查；活组织切片检查；切片检查法

definitive [d?'f?n?t?v]

adj. 决定性的；最后的；限定的 n. 限定词

diagnostic [da??g'n?st?k] adj. 诊断的；特征的 n. 诊断法；诊断结论 imaging ['?m?d???] n. 成像

v. 想像（image的ing形式）；画?的 exclusion [?k'sklu:?(?)n; ek-]

n. 排除；排斥；驱逐；被排除在外的事物

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NINCDS-ADRDA Criteria NINCDS-ADRDA 标准

1. History of progressive cognitive decline

of

insidious

可以造成痴呆的局灶性损害

decline [d?'kla?n] n. 下降；衰退；斜面

onset. vt. 谢绝；婉拒

病史有认知障碍渐进发生，隐袭出现。

2. Deficits in at least two or more areas of

functioning-Mini-Mental

Status

Exam(MMSE). 在功能状态检查中有至少两个或更多部位有缺陷

3. No disturbance of consciousness.无意识障碍 4.

Age

between

40

and

90

(usually >65).40-90岁之间（大部分〉65）

5. No other explainable cause of symptoms:无其他原因可解释症状 normal lab tests;常规实验室检查

normal physical exam;常规物理检查 normal

electrocardigram

and

electroencephalogram 常规心电图和常规脑电图

CT or MRI scanning-no focal lesions signifing other possible cause of dementia present. CT或MRI检查无

vi. 下降；衰落；谢绝 insidious [?n's?d??s]

adj. 阴险的；隐伏的；暗中为害的；狡猾的

deficit ['def ? s ? t; 'di:-] n. 赤字；不足额 status ['ste?t?s]

n. 地位；状态；情形；重要身份

disturbance [d?'st?:b(?)ns] n. 干扰；骚乱；忧虑 consciousness ['k?n??sn?s] n. 意识；知觉；觉悟；感觉

explainable [ik'splein?bl] adj. 可辩解的；可说明的

electrocardigram: 心电图 electroencephalogram

[ ? ,lektr ? ?? n'sef( ? )l ? gr?m; -'kef-] n. [内科] 脑电图，[内科] 脑动电流图 MRI

MRI. 核磁共振成像（Magnetic Resonance Imaging） CT: computed tomography

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计算机断层扫描

functioning-Mini-Mental Exam(MMSE)检查

A commonly used scale measuring Status

scale [ske?l]

n. 规模；比例；鳞；刻度；天平；数值范围

vt. 测量；攀登；刮鳞；依比例决定 orientation, recall, short-term memory, concentration, constructional praxis, and language.使用通常的标准衡量定向力，记忆力，短时记忆，关注力，行为结构和语言能力。

The MMSE is scored from 0 to 30, with a score of 10 to ~28 typical of very early to

moderate

AD. MMSE分数从0到30，从10到28表示从早期到中期AD

vi. 衡量；攀登；剥落；生水垢 measuring ['me??r??] n. 测量；衡量

v. 测量（measure的ing形式） adj. 测量用的

orientation [,?:r??n'te??(?)n; ,?r-] n. 方向；定向；适应；情况介绍；向东方

constructional [k?n'str?k??n?l] adj. 构造的；装配的；解释的 praxis ['pr?ks?s]

n. 实践；现实；习题；练习 language ['l??gw?d?]

n. 语言；语言文字；表达能力

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Treatment-desired outcomes 期待的治疗结果

None of the current treatments for AD

desired [d?'za??d] adj. 渴望的；想得到的

v. 渴望，要求（desire的过去分词形式） curative ['kj??r?t?v] are curative or are known to directly reverse or halt the pathophysiologic processes of the disorder. 目前对AD的治疗没有能够治愈或者能够逆转或阻止病理生理进程。

The primary goal of treatment in AD is to maintain patient function as long as possible. AD的主要治疗目的是尽可能保持患者的功能。

Secondary goals are aimed toward treating the psychiatric and behavioral sequelae that occur as a result of the

disease. 次要目标治疗由于疾病导致的精神和行为症状。

adj. 有疗效的；治病的 n. 药品；治疗法 halt [h?:lt]

vt. 使停止；使立定 vi. 停止；立定；踌躇，犹豫 n. 停止；立定；休息

pathophysiologic [,p?θ?,fizi?'l?d?ik] adj. 病理生理的 primary ['pra?m(?)r?] n. 原色；最主要者

adj. 主要的；初级的；基本的 primary goal: 首要目标 maintain [me?n'te?n; m?n'te?n] vt. 维持；继续；维修；主张；供养

psychiatric [,sa?k?'?tr?k] adj. 精神病学的；精神病治疗的 behavioral [bi'heivj?r?l]

adj. 行为的 sequelae [s?'kwi:li:]

n. 后遗症；结果（sequela的复数）

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