药学专业英语-AD-讲稿(2)

Pathophysiology-structural changes 2 病理生理-结构改变 2

Anatomically, four major alterations in anatomically [,?n?'t?mik?li] adv. 结构上；解剖学上

brain structure: 大脑结构的四个主要改变：

1. cortical atrophy 皮层区萎缩

2. degeneration of cholinergic and other neurons 胆碱能神经元和其他神经元退行性病变

3. neurofibrillary tangles 神经纤维结

4. accumulation of neuritic plaques.神经炎性斑块蓄积

Neurofilibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques are considered the signature lesions

of

AD. 神经结和神经炎性斑块是AD的病理特征。

But plaques and tangles may also be present in other diseases and even in normal

aging. 但是斑块和结节也可见于其它疾病，甚至是正常衰老的大脑。

cortical ['k?:t?k?l]

adj. 皮质的；[生物] 皮层的；外皮的 atrophy ['?tr?f?]

n. 萎缩，萎缩症；发育停止 vi. 萎缩；虚脱

degeneration [d?,d?en?'re??(?)n] n. 退化；[医] 变性；堕落；恶化 cholinergic [,k??l?'n?:d??k] adj. 类胆碱的

neurofibrillary: 神经元纤维 tangles

n. 缠结；服饰；缝纫（tangle的复数）v. 使缠结；卷入（tangle的第三人称单数形式）

neuritic [,nju?'ritik, nju?'ritik]: adj. 神经炎的

plaques: n. 斑块；瓷片；奖章；饰板（plaque的复数）

signature ['s ? gn ? t? ? ]: n. 署名；签名；

信号

lesions: [生物] 损伤

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Neurofibrillary tangles 神经纤维结

NFTS are comprised of paired helical filaments that aggregate in dense bundles, appearing microscopically like tiny flames filling the neuronal cell be comprised of: 由?组成

helical ['hel?k(?)l; 'hi:-]: adj. 螺旋形的 filaments ['fil?m?nts]

n. [植] 花丝；细丝（filament的复数）；[电子] 灯丝；电加热丝 aggregate ['?gr?g?t] body.神经纤维结有成对的密集成束的螺旋丝组成，微观就像填充神经胞体的小火苗。

Paired helical filaments are formed from tau protein. Tau protein provides structure support to microtubules, the cell’s transportation and skeletal support system.成对的螺旋丝由tau蛋白组成，此蛋白为微管、 细胞运输、骨架支撑系统提供结构支持。 When tau filaments undergo abnormal phosphorylation at a specific site, they

can’t bind effectively to microtubules. 当tau丝在特异位点磷酸化，它们就不能与微管有效捆绑。

NFTs are found in other dementing illnesses besides AD, and may present a common method by which various factors culminate in cell death.神经纤维结还出现于AD以外的痴呆性疾病中，可能是细胞死亡时不同因子终结的普遍方式。

n. 合计；集合体；总计 adj. 聚合的；集合的；合计的 vi. 集合；聚集；合计 vt. 集合；聚集；合计

dense [dens]: adj. 稠密的；浓厚的；愚钝的

bundles: [解剖] 束

appearing [?'pi?ri?]: v. 出现，显得（appear的ing形式）

microscopically:adv. 用显微镜；通过显微镜

tiny ['ta?n?]: adj. 微小的；很少的

flames [fleimz]: n. [化工] 火焰；火苗（flame的复数形式） skeletal ['skel?t(?)l; sk?'li:t(?)l] adj. 骨骼的，像骨骼的；骸骨的；骨瘦如柴的

phosphorylation [f?,sf?ri'lei??n]: n. [有化] 磷酸化作用

dement [d?'ment]: n. 痴呆症 culminate in: 达到顶点；以?告终 culminate ['k?lm?ne?t]: vt. 使结束；使达到高潮 vi. 到绝顶；达到高潮。

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Neuritic plaques (amyloid or senile plaques)

神经炎性斑块（淀粉性蛋白或老年斑） Extracellular lesions found in the brain and cerebral vasculature. 在脑和大脑脉管系统发现细胞外损害。

Plaques are comprised of beta-amyloid protein and an entwined of broken

neurites. 斑块由β-淀粉性蛋白和一个损坏的炎性神经突起缠绕组成。

Astrocytes and microglia are also found in plaques. 斑块中也发现星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞。

Strangely enough, the number of neuritic plaques does not necessarily determine

disease

severity. 有趣地，疾病严重程度不取决于斑块的数量。

Clinical development of AD may correlate inversely with the number of normal neurons and synapses remaining despite plaque presence. 尽管有斑块的出现，AD的临床发展可能与正常神经元和突触地残留数量呈反比。

amyloid ['?m?l??d]: n. 淀粉体；淀粉质食物; adj. 含淀粉的；淀粉质的 senile ['si:na?l]: adj. 高龄的；老衰的 extracellular [ekstr?'selj?l?]

[生物] 细胞外的（副extracellularly） lesion ['li:?(?)n] n. 损害 cerebral ['ser?br(?)l; s?'ri:br(?)l] adj. 大脑的，脑的

vasculature ['v?skjul?t??(r)]: n. 脉管系统

entwine [?n'twa?n; en-]: vt. 缠住；盘

绕；使缠绕 : vi. 缠住；盘绕 neurite ['nju?rait]: n. [组织] 神经突

microglia [mai'kr?ɡlai?] n. [组织] 小神经胶质细胞

strangely enough

说来也奇怪（用作插入语） strangely ['streind?li]

adv. 奇怪地；奇妙地；不可思议地

severity [s?'ver?t?]:n. 严重；严格

inversely ['?nv?:sl?] adv. 相反地；倒转地 synapses [si'n?psi:z]

n. [解剖] 突触（synapse的复数）

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beta-Amyloid proteinβ-淀粉性蛋白 Forming the center of the neuritic plaque are aggregates of a 39-43 amino acid protein segment called AP-beta, which is cleaved from the amyloid precursor (APP),

a

transmembrane

cleave [kli:v]

vt. 砍开；使分开；打通

vi. 裂开；披荆斩棘地前进；粘住；坚持

precursor [pr?'k?:s?]: n. 先驱，前导

protein.

神经炎性斑块中心由一个叫做AP-beta的39-43 肽氨基酸蛋白聚合物组成，此为淀粉性蛋白前体（一种跨膜蛋白）脱落而成。

Proteases cleave APP in several different ways. It has been demonstrated that the 42 amino acid form of AP-beta is more amyloidogenic than other forms of

AP-beta. 蛋白酶经不同方式分解APP ，已阐明42肽的AP-β氨基酸比其它型更易生成AP-β 。

Deposits of AP-beta are “assumed” to be the initiating cause of AD. AP-β的沉着被假设为AD的发生原因。 Animal experiments in vivo and in vitro –suggesting AP-beta deposition occurs early

in

the

disease

process. 体内和体外的动物试验表明AP- β沉着物出现在疾病过程的早期。 Question: APP is not limited to the brain.

Why AP-beta selectively deposits in the brain

as opposed to other anatomic sites. APP不仅限于大脑，但为什么AP-β选择性沉积于大脑而非他处呢？

proteases：n. [生化] 蛋白酶（protease的复数）

Amyloidogenic: 淀粉样蛋白 deposit [d?'p?z?t]

n. 存款；保证金；沉淀物 vt. 使沉积；存放 vi. 沉淀

assumed [?'sju:md] adj. 假定的；假装的 initiating [i'ni?ieiti?]

v. 开始（initiate的ing形式） deposition [,dep?'z??(?)n; di?-] n. 沉积物；矿床；革职；[律]（在法庭上的）宣誓作证，证词

as opposed to: 与?截然相反；对照

oppose [?'p??z] vt. 反对；对抗，抗争 vi. 反对

anatomic [,?n?'t?mik]

adj. 组织的；解剖学上的；结构上的

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Genetic causes 遗传原因

It used to be thought that early-onset cases of AD were genetic, whereas the more common later onset cases were genetic [d??'net?k]

adj. 遗传的；基因的；起源的 whereas [we?r'?z] conj. 然而；鉴于；反之 sporadic. 以前通常认为AD的早期发病原因是遗传，然而晚期病例是散发的。

Recent genetic research has obliterated the distinctions between familial and sporadic with the discovery of the apolipoprotein

E4

allele

on

chromosome 19, which influences

susceptibility to late-onset cases。 随着19号染色体上的E4等位基因--散发性，晚期发病病例。

Almost all early-onset cases of AD can be

atributed

to alterations on

chromosome 1,

14,

and

21. 几乎所有的AD早期病例都可归因于1、14、21号染色体的改变。

sporadic [sp?'r?d?k]

adj. 零星的；分散的；不定时发生的

obliterate [?'bl?t?re?t] vt. 消灭；涂去；冲刷；忘掉 familial [f?'m?lj?l]

adj. 家族的；家庭的；遗传的 apolipoprotein ['?p?,lip?'pr?uti:n] n. [生化] 载脂蛋白；

allele ['?li:l] n. [遗] 等位基因

chromosome ['kr??m?s??m]

n. [遗][细胞][染料] 染色体（形容词chromosomal，副词chromosomally） susceptibility [s?,sept?'b?l?t?] n. 敏感性；感情；磁化系数

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