新编简明英语语言学教程整理(2)

A process of forming a new word by combining parts of two other words. 7.缩写词Abbreviation

A shortened form of a word or phrase which represents the complete form. 8.略写词Clipping

A kind of abbreviation of otherwise longer words or phrases. 9.逆向构词法Back-formation

A process by which new words are formed by taking away he suffix of an existing word. 10.语义扩大化Semantic broadening

The process in which the meaning of a word becomes more general or inclusive than its historical earlier denotation.缩小less general or inclusive 11.原始语Protolanguage

The original form of a language family which has ceased to exist. 12.语系Family language

A group of historically related languages that have developed from a comon ancestral language. 13.同源词Cognate

A word in one language which is similar in form and meaning to a word in another language because both languages have descended from a common source. 14.语音同化Sound assimilation

The physiological effect of one sound on another. 15.内部借用Internal borrowing

The application of a rule from one part of the grammar to another part of the grammar by analogy to its earlier operation.

16.派生法Derivation

It refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots, stems, or words. 17.语义转换Semantic shift

It‘s a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquires a new, sometimes related meaning.

18.语义细化Elaboration

Rule elaboration occurs when there is a need to reduce ambiguity and increase communicative clarity or expressiveness. 19.古英语Old English

Old English dates back to the mid-fifth century when Anglo-Saxsons invaded b the British Isles from northern Europe.

20.中世纪英语Middle English in 1066

Middle English began with the arrival of the Norman French invaders in England under William. 1.言语社区Speech Community

It refers to a group of people who form a community and share at least one speech variety as well as similar linguistic norms. 2.社会方言Socialect

A variety of language used by people belonging to a prticular social class. 3.语域Register

A functional speech or language variety that involves degrees of formality depending on the speech situation concerned.

4.标准语Standard Language

A superposed prestigious variety of language of a community or nation,usually based on the speech and writing of educated native speakers of the language. 5.通用语Lingua Franca

A variety of language that serves as a common speech for social contact among groups of people who speak different native languages or dialects.

6.洋泾浜语Pidgin边缘性接触语言=有限的词汇+缩减的语法结构by其他语言的本族语者

A marginal contact language with a limited vocabulary and reduced grammatical structures,used by native speakers of other languages as a means of business communication. 7.双言现象Diglossia

A sociolinguistic situation in which two very different varieties of language co-exist in a speech community,each serving a particular social function and used for a particular situation. 8.语言禁忌Linguistic taboo

An obscene,profane,or swear word or expression that is prohibited from general use by the educated and ―polite‖society. 9.委婉语Euphemism

A word or expression that is thought to be mild,indirect,or less offensive and used as a polite substitute for the supposedly harsh and unpleasant word or expression. 10.语码转换Code-Switching

It refers to a bilingual speaker foten uses two languages alternatively during a conversation with another bilingual speaker.人们在交际中根据需要轮流使用不同的语言、方言或其他变体。 11.语言变体Speech Variety

It refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or gourp of speakers.the distinctive characteristics of a speech variety may be lexical, phonological, morphological, syntactic,or a combination of linguistic features. 12.双语Bilingualism

It refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers.

13.少数民族方言Ethnic Dialect

It refers to a phenomenon that within a society speech variation may come about cos of different ethnic backgrounds. 14.使用域Domain

It refers to a phenomenon that most bilingual communities have one thing in common,that‘s, a fairly clear functional diferentiation of the two languages in respect of speech situations,for example, the home Domain,Employment Domain. 15.语言计划Language Planning

It‘s certain authorities,such as the government choosees a particular speech variety and spread the use of it,including its pronunciation and spelling systems,across regional boundaries. 16.发音Accent

If refers to a way of pronunciation which tells the listener something about the speaker‘s regional or social background.

17.习语Idiolect=Personal dialect

A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines aspects of all the elements regarding regional,social,and stylistic variation,in one form or another. 18.混合语Creoles

It‘s originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech community.e.g.

French-based creoles spoken in Haiti and Louisiana. 19.语言情景Language Situation

A linguistic situation in which two standard language are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers,such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation. For example, in Canada, both english and french are official languages.

20.区域变体Regional Variation

Speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from.e.g. American English and British English,ect.

21.语域变体Register Varieties=Situational Dialects

Registers are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations,in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. 22.称呼术语Address Terms

An address term,or address form refers to the word or words used to address somebody in speech or writing. 23.俚语Slang

It‘s a casual use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary,typically of arbitrary,flashy and often ephemeral coinages and figures of speech characterized by spontaneity and sometimes by raciness. 24. 社会语言学Sociolinguistics

It‘s the subdiscipline of linguistics that studies language with in socical context. 1.大脑皮层Cerebral Cortex

The outside surface of the brain which receives messages from all the sensory organs and where human cognitive abilities reside.

接受所有感觉器官传来的信息，是人的认知能力所存在的区域。 2.大脑侧化Brain Lateralization

The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. 认知机能和感知机能位于大脑的某一半球。 3.语言侧化Linguistic lateralization

Hemispheric specialization or dominance for language. 4.两耳分听Dichotic Listening

A research technique which has been used to study how the brain controls hearing and language, with which subjects wear earphones and simultaneously receive different sounds in the right and left ear, and are then asked to repeat what they hear. 5.关键期the critical period

An early period of one‘s life extending to the age of puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire language naturally and effortlessly, a period that coincides with the period of brain laterlization for language functions.

6. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis假设

A theory put forward by the American anthropological linguists Sapir and Whorf which states that the way people view the world is determined wholly or partly by the structure of their native language. 人们看世界的方式完全或部分地由他们母语的结构决定， 7.自我交际Interpersonal communication

The process of using language within the individual to facilitate one‘s own thought and aid the formulation and manipulation of concepts. 8.无声言语Subvocal Speech

A term used to refer to thought when thought and language are identical or closely parallel to each other.

用于指语言和思维是同一或近乎相同的. 9.神经元Neurons

Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of ten billion nerve cells called Neurons. 10.脑半球Hemispheres

The brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called hemisphere. 11.Broca‘s area French Surgeon: Paul Broca

The language centre in the frontal lobe in the left cerebral hemisphere is know as Broca‘s area. 12.语言决定论Linguistic determinism

Whorf proposed that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on language, or put it more bluntly, language determines thought, hence the strong notion of linguistic determinism. 13.语言相对论Linguistic relativism

It refers to the belief that speakers of different languages perceive and experience the world differently, that is, relative to their linguistic background.

It‘s hypothesis proposed by an American linguist Benjamin Lee Whorf concerning language and thought. 1.语言习得Language acquisition

Language acquisition refers to the development of the Child‘s acquisition of his mother tongue or first language, i.e, how he comes to understand and to speak the language of his community. 2.输入Input

It refers to the language which a learner bears or receives and from which he or she can learn. 3.行为主义学习理论Behaviourist learning theory

It‘s a theory of Psychology suggests that the learner‘s verbal behaviour is conditioned or reinforced through association between a stimulus and response when applied to first language acquisition. 4.独词句One word holophrase / holophrase

It refers to a single word that appears in children‘s early speech and functions as a complex idea or sentence. 5.电报式言语Telegraphic speech 属于early multiword 阶段

It refers to the early speech of children. it‘s so called because it lacks the same sorts of words which adults typically leave out of telegrams(such as non-substantive words and inflectional morphemes). 也可以说成缺少inflectional morphemes and most minor lexical categories. 6.转移Language transfer

It refers to the learners will subconsciously use their knowledge in learning a second language. Transfer can be either positive or negative. 7.对比分析Contrastive Analysis

It refers to a comparative procedure used to establish linguistic differences between two languages so as to predict learning difficulties caused by interference from the learner‘s first language and prepare the type of teaching materials that will reduce the effects of interference.

补充establish linguistic differences between native and target language systems. 8.错误分析Error Analysis

An approach to the study and analysis of the errors made by the second language learners which suggests that many learner errors are not due to the learner‘ s mother tongue interference but reflect universal learning strategies such as over-generalization and simplification of rules.

一种研究和分析第二语言学习者所犯错误的方法.它指出语言学习者所犯的许多错误不是母语干扰所致而是体现了一些普遍的学习策略.如概括过度和规则简化。 9.语际语Interlanguage

The approximate language system that a second language learner constructs which represents his or her transitional

competence in the target language. 10.语言僵化Fossilization

A process that sometimes occurs in second language learning in which incorrect linguistic features (such as the accent of a grammatical pattern) become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes in the target language.

11.工具性学习动机Instrumental motivation

The learner‘s desire to learn a second language because its useful for some functional, ?‘instrumental‘ goals, such as getting a job, passing an examination, or reading for information. 12.介入性学习动机Integrative motivation

The learner’s desire to learn a second language in order to communicate with native speakers of the target language.为了与人交流。 13.语言文化移入Acculturation

A process of adapting to the culture and value system of the second language community. 14.幼儿保育员言语Caretaker speech

Simple, modified speech used by parents, baby-sitter, ect. When they talk to young children who are acquiring their native language. 15.干扰Interference

The effect of one‘s first language knowledge on the learning of a second language. 16.国际语法Universal Grammar

The different languages have a similar level of complexity and detail, and reflect general abstract properties of the common linguistic system is called.. 17.第一语言的习得the 1st language acquisition

The development of a first or native language is called the 1st language acquisition.

18.It‘s normally assumed that, by the age of five, with an opening vocabulary of more than 2.000 words, children have completed the greater part of the language acquisition process. 19.语法系统发展 语音 Phonology 句法Syntax 形态 Morphology

词汇和语义Vocabulary and semantics 1.tone

Tone are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Tone is a suprasegmental feature. 2.Negative transfer

Negative transfer occurs when the frist language pattern is different from the counterpart pattern of the target language. it‘s commonly known as interference because it would lead to difficulties or errors in second language learning. 3.hapology

It refers to the loss of one of two phonetically similar syllables in sequence,

For example, the old English word ‖engla-land‖(the land of Angles)came to be pronounced ―England‖ through the assimilation of ‖la-la‖ sounds. 4.relational opposites

Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items are called relational opposites. 5.语言判定Linguistic determinism

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