of thought spread their teaching in this way. Among them, the private school run by Confucius was the largest and most influential. Confucius? private school:
3000ciples(弟子); 72 virtuous and talented students Confucius? educational ideas:
“Education should be for all, irrespective of their social status.”（有教无类）
“Six arts”: ritual, music, archery, chariot-riding, writing, and arithmetic.（六艺：礼、乐、射、御、书、数） Official Schools
Official schools began during the Western Zhou Dynasty, and were sponsored by the official constitution called Xiangxue .Only children of nobles were admitted.
The teaching materials were centered on the Four Books and the Five Classics(四书五经). Imperial Examination System (科举)
Imperial Examination System in China began in the Sui Dynasty and lasted more than 1,300 years until the last examination was held during the Qing Dynasty. It was conducted at two levels: xiangshi(乡试) and huishi(会试)
During the Ming and Qing Dynasty, the examination was designed to select jinshi(进士). It featured writing ,which involved the writing of an Eight-part Essay(八股文).
After the Opium War in 1840 with the spread of the Western ideology and technology in China , it was under attack by people. It was abolished in 1905. Nine-year Compulsory Education
The law of compulsory education came into effect on July 1, 1986, requiring each child to have nine years of formal education.
China?s Nine-year Compulsory Education is composed of two parts: six-years in primary school and three-years in junior high school.
In 1989, China launched two ambitious projects: Project Hope (希望工程) and the Spring Bud Project (春蕾计划) These two projects have helped children, especially girls, in poor areas to attend schools.
The National College Entrance Examination is an academic examination held annually in China aimed to select high-school graduates for college admissions.
Higher Education
More than two thousand universities, colleges, and institutes in China offer four or five-year programs. Students who have earned Bachelor of Arts or Science degrees may apply for Master of Arts or Science programs and then three-year Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) programs. Confucius Institute
Confucius Institute is not a general sense of the university, but the promotion and dissemination（传播） of Chinese culture and Chinese language education.
Chapter 6 Dress and Adornment Culture
Words and Expressions
attire/ costume/trappings 服装、服饰 The Silk Road 丝绸之路
The Maritime Silk Road海上丝绸之路 embroidery/im?br?id?ri /刺绣;刺绣品 Li Brocade 黎锦
The Intangible Cultural Heritage 非物质文化遗产
China has many ethnic groups with a long history. For thousands of years, generations of clothing designers have devoted themselves to building the Kingdom of Clothes, making the garments that cover the human body into an important component of Chinese culture. Cheong-sam(Qi Pao)
Cheong-sam came from Qizhuang of manchu women?s costume. The cheongsam is easy and comfortable to wear, snugly fitting the female Chinese figure. Its neckline is high, collar closed, and its sleeves may be short, medium or full length, depending on the season or the wearer?s taste. The dress is buttoned on the right side, with a loose bodice, a fitted waist, and side-slits to the hem, all of which combine to set off the beauty of the female?s figure. Chinese tunic suit (Zhongshan suit /Mao suit)
The modern Chinese tunic suit is a style of male attire known in China as the Zhongshan suit, and known in the West as the Mao suit (after Mao Zedong). Sun Zhongshan introduced the style shortly after the founding of the Republic of China as a form of national dress although with a distinctly political and later governmental implication. Tang Costumes
A tang costumes (literally: \Qing Dynasty. The tangzhuang evolved from the magua (Chinese: 马褂), which the Han Chinese were forced to wear it during the Qing Dynasty. In modern times it has been adopted by common people. They are often worn by men, although women wear them as well.
In Chinese communities, the Zhongshan suit, the western suit, and the Tang suit are the main forms of formal dress for men on many occasions. The Silk Road
The Silk Road refers to the ancient trade route connecting Asia Continent and European Continent, usually it can be classified into Northern Silk Road on the land, and the Maritime Silk Road. Embroidery (刺绣)
Embroidery is a traditional Chinese handicraft featuring flowers, birds and scenery on silk or other cloth in colored silk threads. Chinese embroidery dates back over 3,000 years. It has distinct regional and ethnic characteristics. Embroidery in China includes: Shu Embroidery (蜀绣) from Sichuan, Su Embroidery (苏绣) from Suzhou
Su embroidery enjoys a good reputation of the first of the Top-four embroidery in China. Xiang Embroidery (湘绣) from Hunan Yue Embroidery (粤绣) from Guangdong. Li Brocade
Acclaimed as a \fossil\of Chinese textiles, the Li-style brocade was chosen in the first batch of items for the Intangible Cultural Heritage list released by UNESCO in 2009. The Li brocade has been part of China's national cultural heritage, but as few people nowadays have the skills necessary to weave the special brocades, the practice is in danger of becoming extinct.
Chapter 7 Part 1 Food Culture
Words and Expressions foodie 吃货
culinary厨房的，烹饪的;烹调用的 cuisine烹饪，烹调法;菜肴
main food主食,主粮（ staple food ）
aroma芳香，香味 seasonings调味品、调料
A general introduction of Chinese food
Chinese cuisine(菜肴)is widely seen as representing one of the richest and most diverse culinary(烹饪的) cuisines and heritages in the world.
A meal in Chinese culture is typically seen as consisting of two or more general components: Zhushi (main food)---typically rice, noodles, or mantou (steamed bun), and accompanying dishes of vegetables, meat, fish, or other items, known as cai (dish) in the Chinese language. This cultural conceptualization is in some ways in contrast to cuisines of Northern Europe and the USA, where meat or animal protein(蛋白质 ) is often considered the main food(主食).
Chinese cuisine is a complete presence of color, aroma(芳香，香味) and taste. (色香味俱全) In China, we have eight branches of cuisine. Shandong Cuisine山东菜系(鲁菜) Guangdong Cuisine广东菜系(粤菜) Sichuan Cuisine四川菜系(川菜) Hunan Cuisine湖南菜系(湘菜) Jiangsu Cuisine淮扬菜系(苏菜) Zhejiang Cuisine浙江菜系(浙菜) Fujian Cuisine福建菜系(闽菜) Anhui Cuisine安徽菜系(徽菜) Hainan Cuisine
Hainan is noted for its \Mutton东山羊 and Hele Crab和乐蟹.
Chapter 7 Part 2 Tea and Wine Culture
A Brief Introduction to Tea Culture
Tea (茶) commonly denotes the drink made from steeping(浸泡） the processed leaves, buds（芽）, or twigs of the tea bush (茶树) in water.
On both casual and formal Chinese occasions, tea is consumed regularly. In addition to being a drink, Chinese tea is used in Traditional Chinese medicine and in Chinese cuisine.
It is universally acknowledged that China is the original tea-growing area, as well as the first
country to grow, produce and drink tea.
At the end of the sixteenth century, the Dutch(荷兰人) brought word to Europe that there was a kind of magic leaf in the east, from which tasty drinks could be made, and this was the first time that Europeans heard of tea.
In 1610, the East India Company(东印度公司) was the first to sell tea to Europe, after which the habit of drinking tea took root there. Britain is famous for its tea drinking. The Classifications of Chinese Tea
Green tea绿茶 Black tea红茶 Oolong tea乌龙茶 Yellow tea黄茶 White tea 白茶 Scented tea花茶 Compressed tea砖茶
Unique customs of taking tea in different regions: Guangdong Morning tea Fujian Kongfu tea Sichuan “Covered-bowl tea” Tibetan Buttered tea(酥油茶) Inner Mongolia Milk tea Hainan Laoba Tea Hainan Laoba Tea
“Laoba tea”(Laoba means father) is a special scene in Haikou, a pot of tea with some snacks, people sit around an old table, for killing time and strengthening the relationship with theirs friends, it hasn’t the limitation of time or place. Most of places of traditional Laoba tea are barely furnished, the prices of food and tea there are cheap. The teahouse of Laoba tea is a little world of society, a mirror of the traditional life in Hainan. The Functions of Offering Tea To show respect To apologize
To express thanks to the elders on one’s wedding day Tea Etiquette
Serving a cup of tea is more than mere politeness.
When offered tea, it is considered polite to at least take a sip.
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