第一单元 翻译概论
1翻译就是接受语言复制出与原语信息最接近的自然等值体---首先是就意义而言,其次是就风格而言.
Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style. 2按翻译技巧来分: 直译、意译、音译
Literal translation does not mean word-for-word translation. Superficially speaking, it means ―not to alter the original words and sentences‖, strictly speaking, it strives ―to keep the sentiments and style of the original‖.
例如：paper tiger—纸老虎
Free translation is an alternative approach generally used to convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to copy its sentence patterns of figures of speech. 例如：Adam’s apple—喉结；at sixes and sevens—乱七八糟 It rains cats and dogs—大雨滂沱
3按翻译原则方向来分: 异化翻译（Foreignization）和归化翻译 （Domestication ） 归化的例子：
as timid as a hare 胆小如鼠 at a stone’s throw 一箭之遥 wet like a drown rat 湿如落汤鸡 as stupid as a goose 蠢得像猪
5 傅雷：1951年在《高老头? 重译本序》 中提出―以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。‖
6. 钱钟书：1964年在《林纾的翻译》一文中提到―文学翻译的最高理想可以说是―化‖，把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味，那就算得入与―化境”。
7 But I hated Sakamoto, and I had a feeling he’d surely lead us both to our ancestors. 但是我恨坂田，并预感到他肯定会领着咱们去见祖先。 8 Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it. 不必担心太早。（不必自寻烦恼） 9 Do you see any green in my eyes? 你以为我是好欺骗的吗？
10 Ruth was upsetting the other children, so I showed her the door. 鲁斯一直在扰乱别的孩子，我就把他撵了出去。 第二单元 英汉对比
1汉语和英语的对比研究，始于100年多前《马氏文通》，这是我国第一部汉语语法书，是在比较和模仿拉丁文法的基础上写成的。
2中国传统哲学主张―天人合一‖、―万物与我为一‖，反映在语言上就是施事主体可以蕴含在行为事件的主观表现中。
3因此在句子构造中，汉语并不把主语看成必要的成分。正如王力所说：―就句子结构而论，西洋语言是法治的，中国语言是人治的。法治的不管主语用得着用不着，总要呆板地求句子形式的一律，人治的用得着就用，用不着就不用，只要能使人听懂说话人的意思，就算了。‖ 4正因为汉语缺乏主语，语言学家从语言类型学的角度出发，认为汉语是主题显著(topic-prominent)的语言。
5 A dialect is known by every linguist in this room.
一种方言被这间屋子里的每一个语言学家所懂得。 有一种方言这间屋子里的每一个语言学家都懂得。
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6.I would not believe what he said. 他的话，我可不信。
7.I did not remember a single point discussed at the meeting. 会上讲了什么，我一点没记住。 8 I know Mr. Wang. 王先生我认识。
9. He is the best singer. 唱歌，他是最棒的。
11. Even if the monk can run away, his temple cannot run with him. 跑得了和尚，跑不了庙。
12. Even if I were to be beaten to death, I will not tell. 打死我也不说。
13. Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。
14. If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？
15. We will not attack unless we are attacked. 人不犯我，我不犯人。
16. As the weather was fine, we decided to climb the mountain. （由于）天气很好，我们决定去爬山。
17. My sister was expecting me, so I had to go now. 我妹妹在等我，我得走了。
18. A body in motion remains in motion at a constant speed in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force.
没有外力的作用，运动的物体就连续做匀速直线运动。 19 We knew spring was coming as we had seen a robin. 我们看见了一只知更鸟，知道春天快要到了。
20西文句中名物字,多随举随释,如中文之旁支,后乃遥接前文,足意成句。‖(严复)英语句子―多随举随释‖，枝杈蔓生,呈树状结构,分叉处有介词,关系代词连接。而汉语按时间顺序或逻辑顺序逐层展开,节节延伸,犹如竹子。
21 The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungray because he had had no food for two days.
男孩哭得心都快碎了，当我问及他时，他说饿极了，有两天没吃了。
22. The moon is so far from the earth that even if huge trees were growing on the mountains and elepants were walking about, we could not see them through the most powerful telescopes which have been invented.
月球离地球非常遥远，即使那边山上长着大树，有大象在跑来跑去，我们用已经发明的最高倍率的望远镜也不能看到它们。
23. Upon his death in 1826, Jefferson was buried under a stone which described him as he had wished to be remembered as the author of the Declaration of Independence and the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom and the father of the University of Virginia.
1826年杰斐逊逝世。按他生前遗愿，在他墓地的石碑上刻着：独立宣言和弗吉尼亚州信教自由法令的作者，弗吉尼亚大学创建人之墓。
24 由此可见，英语是―静态‖的语言，而汉语则是―动态‖的语言。―英语的静态修辞实质是名词优势和介词优势，而介词优势又是名词优势的必然结果。因为名词与名词之间要借助介词来联结。‖ 因此，在英译汉时常常要变―静‖为―动‖，摆脱名词化的框架和大量介词的干扰，突出原文的动态色彩。
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25. Admittance Free 免票入场 26. Out of Bounds 游客止步
27. No Admittance Except on Business 闲人免进 28. Danger of Death – High Voltage! 高压（电），生命危险！
29. Party officials worked long hour on meagre food, in cold caves, by dim lamps. 党的干部吃着粗茶淡饭，住着寒冷的窑洞，点着昏暗的油灯，长时间地工作。 30 What film will be on this evening? 今晚放映什么影片？
31. He walked around the house with a gun. 他拿着枪，绕着屋子走。 32 A study of that letter leaves us in no doubt as to the motives behind it. 研究一下那封信，就使我们毫不怀疑该信是别有用心的。
33. The very first sight of her made him fall in love with her. 他对她一见钟情。
34中国传统哲学以人为本，追求人与自然的和谐，把天、地、人视为一个统一体，即―天人合一‖。《易经》提出了有机整体的图式，把自然现象和人事凶吉都纳入阴阳两极所组成的六十四卦系统之中，为中国传统思维奠定了基础。
35 I have read your articles, but I expect to meet an older man. 我读过你的文章，但没料想你会这样年轻。
36 A seaman knows that the sea is all-powerful and can, under certain circumstances, destroy man and the product of his brain and hand, the ship.
水手们都知道，大海的威力是势不可挡的；在某些情况下，它能把人及人所制造的船只统统摧毁掉。(正说反译)
?37 Mine! Mine!‖ They would shout at the pretty rainbows that are down to the earth, seeming never very far away.
他们会冲着那从天际弯弯地挂向地面的，看来好像伸手可及的美丽彩虹大声呼喊：―哎呀!哎呀!‖(反说正译)
38 He was not displeased with her honesty…it took a certain amount of experience in life, an courage, to want to do it quite that way.
他对于她的直率没有感到不快……有点生活经验、又有点胆量的人才敢这么做。 39 Wisdom prepares for the worst; but folly leaves the worst for the day it comes. 聪明人防患于未然，愚蠢者临渴掘井。
40 Because of the circuitous and directional flow of waterways, railways often have energy advantage over barges.
由于河道迂回曲折且水流具有方向性，铁路运输对于水运而言，常常具有节能优势。 41. Memory, as time goes on, is a selective thing. 随着时间的流逝，记忆使人忘怀了许多事物。 42. The subversion attempts proved predictably futile. 不出所料，颠覆活动证明毫无效果。
43. The guerrillas would fight to death before they surrendered. 游击队员宁愿战斗到死，而绝不投降。
44. We believe that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust. 我们相信，年轻一代不会辜负我们的信任。 45. It was beyond his power to sign such a contract. 他无权签订这种合同。
46. The custom-made object, now restricted to the rich, will be within everyone’s reach. 目前这种订做的产品仅限于有钱人才能享受，而将来人人都能买得起。 47. In the end things will mend. 车到山前必有路。
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48. He wanted to learn, to know, to teach.
他想学习，增长知识，也愿意把知识教给别人。
49. These problems are too complicated to be explained clearly in a few words. 这些问题盘根错节，三言两语说不清楚。
50.Rockets have found application for the exploration of the Universe. 火箭已经用于探索宇宙。
51 The irony is that Mrs. Gandhi presides over a nation with a highly promising long-term potential but which is saddled with equally difficult current problems.
颇为耐人寻味的是，从长远的观点来看，甘地夫人掌管的国家是大有希望的，但目前却有着难以克服的困难。
52 She was vexed by the persistent ringing of the phone. 她被没完没了的电话铃声搞得心烦意乱。 53 All the inventors have a restless mind.
所有的发明家都有一个思想活跃的头脑。
54. He was a man of integrity, but unfortunately he had a certain reputation. I believe the reputation was not deserved.
他是一个正直的人，但不幸有某种坏名声。我相信他这种坏名声是不该有的。 55. He lied to me and made me the tool of his wicked deeds. 他欺骗了我，使我成了他进行罪恶勾当的工具。
56. Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it. 凡是忘掉过去的人注定要重蹈覆辙。
57. The film actress appeared in all her glory at the ball. 这位女影星在舞会上真是仪态万方。
58. He is always saying the usual polite nothings. 他老是在说那些寻常的客套话。
59 When John was two years old, he was impossible, a typical ―Terrible Two‖. He was destructive and stubborn.
约翰两岁时变得异常调皮，是个不折不扣的―两岁魔王‖。他固执，常常损坏东西。
6.0 With determination, with luck, and with the help from lots of good people, I was able to rise from the ashes.
凭着我的决心、我的运气，还有许多善良人们的帮助，我终于得以东山再起。 61 The Universe is not rich enough to buy the vote of an honest man. 即使你用天下所有的财富也收买不了一个正直人的选票。 62 It seems that a very difficult decision now faces him. 他好像面临着困难的抉择。
63 Anger and bitterness covered upon me for weeks. 几周来我一直感到生气和伤心。
63 西方人喜外露，中国人喜含蓄。英语经常表态在前，叙事在后；汉语经常相反。 英汉对译时，信息重心常需做前后调整。
64 I am very happy to receive your message of greetings. 接到你的贺信，我十分愿意。
65 The two sides found it beneficial to have this opportunity to present to one another their views on a variety of issues.
现在有机会互相介绍彼此对各种问题的观点，对此，双方认为是有利的。
66中华文化以人本为主，西方文化以物本为主体。人本文化以人文为中心，以人生为本位。道家的代表人物老子曾说：―人法地，地法天，天法道，道法自然‖。而儒家先哲对世界的认识主要不是出于对自然奥秘的好奇，而是出于对现实社会政治和伦理道德的关注。孔子哲学以―仁‖―礼‖为
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中心，―仁‖寻求人伦关系规范化，―礼‖要求社会有序化。先哲们谈论人生哲学的目的是―究天人之际，通古今之变‖，关心的是人道，而非天道，是人生之理，而非自然之性。这种人本文化的长期积淀便形成了汉民族本体型的思维方式。
67而物本文化以物本为主体，以自然为本位。西方人偏重于对自然客体的观察与研究，例如，亚里士多德认为―求知是人类的本性‖，培根推崇―知识就是力量‖。西方人以认知自然为视觉焦点，崇尚自然、认识自然、探索自然，最终征服自然。主宰宇宙。这种物本文化的长期积淀则形成了西方人客体型的思维模式。
68 两种思维方式在语言上表现为：英语多用无生命的名词作主语，主动和被动两个范畴始终泾渭分明；而汉语常以有生命的名词作主语(或潜在的主语)，充分地反映了汉民族重主体意识的思维方式。
69 American education owes a great debt to Thomas Jefferson. 托马斯·杰佛逊对美国的教育事业作出了巨大的贡献。
70 Memoranda were prepared in advance of private meetings on matters to be discussed. 在举行个别交谈之前,我已经就所有要讨论的问题预先拟好了备忘录。 1. What has happened to you? 2. An idea suddenly struck me.
3. American English owes a great deal to Noah Webster, an American lexicographer and writer. 4. Her good work and obedience have pleased her teacher. 1. 你怎么了？
2. 我突然想到了一个主意。 3. 美国词典编纂家及作家诺阿·韦伯斯特对美国英语做出了巨大的贡献。 4. 她学业优良、性情温顺，深得老师喜欢。 71 让世界了解中国，让中国走向世界。
Let the other people of the rest of the world know China. Let China make close contact with the rest of the world.
72 中国人的思维趋向于具象化，而西方人的思维则趋向于抽象化。这种不同的侧重与选择，植根于各自的民族文化土壤之中。中国传统文化的重要特征之一是―尚象‖，而西方文化的重要特征之一是―尚思‖。中国人―尚象‖的文化传统形成了其偏重具象的思维方式。
73 The absence of intelligence is an indication of satisfactory developments. (= No news is good news. 没有消息就是好消息。
74 No one is satisfied with his favoritism in his work.
对他在工作中表现出来的徇私作风谁都感到不满意。
75Any discourtesy shown to Chinese persons by any official of the Government will be cause for immediate dismissal.
任何政府官员，如果对中国人有任何粗暴行为，必须立即予以开除。 1. A son, a job and housekeeping forced romance out. 2. But there had been too much publicity about my case.
3. The complexity of the human situation and the injustice of the social order demand far more fundamental changes in the basic structure of society itself than some politicians are willing to admit in their speeches.
4. With the credit card it is unnecessary to carry large amounts of cash and are always useful in emergencies.
1. 有了儿子，又要工作，又要做家务，就不能卿卿我我了。 2. 但我的事现在已经搞得满城风雨、人人皆知了。
3. 和有些政客们在演讲中愿意公开承认的事实相比，人类生存状态和社会不公正现象目前已经非常复杂，这种复杂性要求社会结构进行根本性改革。
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