新GRE阅读真题与解析(维C上校 编著)(6)

“如果你想做只有少数人才能做到的事情，那么你就得去学会承受大多数人所承受不了的痛苦和孤独...”--献给所有还在追梦的，考新GRE的童鞋们@维C上校（特种部队）---新浪微博

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reportedlydependsonsleep.Evenifsuchstudiesweredone,theycouldonlyclarifyourunderstandingoftheroleofREMsleep,notsleepingeneral.

Theseresearchersalsoclaimthatimprovementsofmemoryovernightcanbeexplainedbythemerepassageoftime,ratherthanattributedtosleep.Butrecentstudiesofmemoryperformanceaftersleep—includingonedemonstratingthatsleepstabilizesdeclarativememoriesfromfutureinterferencecausedbymentalactivityduringwakefulness—makethisclaimunsustainable.Certainlytherearememoryconsolidationprocessesthatoccuracrossperiodsofwakefulness,someofwhichneitherdependonnorareenhancedbysleep.Butwhensleepiscomparedwithwakefulness,andperformanceisbetteraftersleep,thensomebenefitofsleepformemorymustbeacknowledged.

11.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

ApresenttheevidencethatsupportsaparticularclaimregardingREMsleepandmemoryBdescribehowvariousfactorscontributetotheeffectofsleeponmemoryCargueagainstaparticularpositionregardingsleep’sroleinmemoryDsummarizethemostprevalenttheoryregardingsleepandmemoryEdefendtheimportanceoftheconsolidationofdeclarativememory

12.Accordingtotheauthorofthepassage,whichofthefollowinggeneralizationsaboutmemoryandsleepistrue?

ATherearesomememory-consolidationprocessesthathavenothingtodowithsleep.

BSleepismoreimportanttotheconsolidationofdeclarativememorythantotheconsolidationofothertypesofmemory.

CREMsleepismoreimportanttomemoryconsolidationthanisnon-REMsleep.

DTherearesignificantvariationsintheamountofsleepthatpeoplerequireforthesuccessfulconsolidationofmemory.

EItislikelythatmemoryismorethoroughlyconsolidatedduringwakefulnessthanduringsleep.13.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionofthesentencein13–14(“Certainly...sleep”)?

AItprovidesthereasoningbehindaclaimabouttheroleofsleepinmemoryconsolidation.BItexplainswhyapreviousclaimaboutsleepandmemoryisunsustainable.

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CItdemonstrateswhywakefulnessiscentraltotheprocessofdeclarativememoryconsolidation.DItemphasizesthelimitedrolesleepplaysintheprocessofdeclarativememoryconsolidation.EItconcedesthattheconsolidationofdeclarativememorydoesnotdependentirelyononefactor.14.Theimportanceofthestudymentionedinlines10–13isthatit

ArevealsthemechanismbywhichdeclarativememoryisstabilizedduringsleepBidentifiesaspecificfunctionthatsleepplaysinthememory-consolidationprocess

CdemonstratesthatsomekindsofmentalactivitycaninterferewithmemoryconsolidationDsuggeststhatsleepandwakefulnessarebothimportanttomemoryconsolidationEexplainshowthepassageoftimecontributestomemoryconsolidation

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“如果你想做只有少数人才能做到的事情，那么你就得去学会承受大多数人所承受不了的痛苦和孤独...”--献给所有还在追梦的，考新GRE的童鞋们@维C上校（特种部队）---新浪微博

Foreachofquestions20to25,selectoneanswerchoiceunlessotherwiseinstructed.Question20arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

AstronomersfoundalargebodyorbitingclosetothestarUpsilonAndromedae.Thestandardtheoryofplanetformationholdsthatnoplanetthatlargecouldbeformedsoclosetoastar,leadingtothesuggestionthatthebodyisacompanionstar.Asubsequentdiscoveryputsthatsuggestionindoubt:twootherlargebodieswerefoundorbitingclosetoUpsilonAndromedae,andthestandardtheoryofcompanionstarsallowsforatmostonecompanionstar.

20.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpstoresolvethestatusoftheorbitingbodywithoutcastingdoubtonthetwostandardtheoriesmentioned?

AThesmalleraplanetorbitingastaris,andthefartherawayitisfromthestar,thelesslikelyitistobediscovered.

BIfaplanet’sorbitisdisturbed,theplanetcanbedrawnbygravitytowardthestaritisorbiting.CThelargestofthebodiesorbitingUpsilonAndromedaeisthefarthestawayfromthestar,andthesmallestisthenearest.

DItislikelythattherearemanystars,inadditiontoUpsilonAndromedaeandtheSun,thatareorbitedbymorethanonesmallerbody.

EInmostcasesofcompanionstars,thesmallercompanionismuchfainterthanthelargerstar.Question21arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

InGilavia,thenumberofreportedworkplaceinjurieshasdeclined16percentinthelastfiveyears.However,perhapspartofthedeclineresultsfrominjuriesgoingunreported:manyemployershaveintroducedsafety-incentiveprograms,suchasprizedrawingsforwhichonlyemployeeswhohaveaperfectwork-safetyrecordareeligible.Sinceaworkplaceinjurywoulddisqualifyanemployeefromsuchprograms,someemployeesmightbeconcealinginjury,whenitisfeasibletodoso.21.Whichofthefollowing,iftrueinGilavia,moststronglysupportstheproposedexplanation?AInthelastfiveyears,therehasbeennodeclineinthenumberofworkplaceinjuriesleadingtoimmediateadmissiontoahospitalemergencyroom.

BEmployersgenerallyhavetopayfinancialcompensationtoemployeeswhosufferwork-relatedinjuries.

CManyinjuriesthathappenonthejobareinjuriesthatwouldbeimpossibletoconcealandyetwouldnotbesevereenoughtorequireanychangetoeithertheemployee’sworkscheduleortheemployee’sjobresponsibilities.

DAcontinuingshiftinemploymentpatternshasledtoadeclineinthepercentageoftheworkforcethatisemployedinthedangerousoccupationsinwhichworkplaceinjuriesarelikely.EEmployerswhohaveinstitutedsafety-incentiveprogramsdonotingeneralhavealowerproportionofreportedworkplaceinjuriesamongtheiremployeesthandoemployerswithoutsuchprograms.

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“如果你想做只有少数人才能做到的事情，那么你就得去学会承受大多数人所承受不了的痛苦和孤独...”--献给所有还在追梦的，考新GRE的童鞋们@维C上校（特种部队）---新浪微博

s22and23arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.QuestionQuestions

Theattributionofearly-nineteenth-centuryEnglishfictionisnotoriouslyproblematic.Fewerthan

halfofnewnovelspublishedinBritainbetween1800and1829hadtheauthor’struenameprintedonthetitlepage.Mostofthesetitleshavesubsequentlybeenattributed,eitherthroughtheauthor’sownacknowledgmentofapreviouslyanonymousorpseudonymouswork,orthroughbibliographicalresearch.Oneimportanttoolavailabletoresearchersisthelistofearlierworks“bytheauthor”oftenfoundontitlepages.Butsuchlistsareaslikelytocreatenewconfusionastheyaretosolveoldproblems.Titlepagesweregenerallypreparedlastinthepublicationprocess,oftenwithoutfullauthorialassent,andinthelast-minuterushtopress,mistakeswerefrequentlymade.

Forthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.22.Thepassagesuggeststhatwhichofthefollowingfactorscontributestothe“notoriouslyproblematic”(line1)natureofauthorialattributioninearly-nineteenth-centuryEnglishfiction?ATheunwillingnessofanywriterstoacknowledgetheirauthorshipofworksthatwereoriginallypublishedanonymouslyorpseudonymously

BThepossibilitythatthetitlepageofaworkmayattributeworkswrittenbyotherauthorstotheauthorofthatwork

CThepossibilitythattheauthor’snameprintedonatitlepageisfictitious

Forthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.23.Thepassagesuggeststhatwhichofthefollowingisfrequentlytrueofthetitlepagesofearly-nineteenth-centuryEnglishnovels?

AThetitlepagewaspreparedforprintinginahurriedmanner.

BMaterialonthetitlepagewasincludedwithouttheauthor’sknowledgeorapproval.

CInformationonthetitlepagewasdeliberatelyfalsifiedtomakethenovelmoremarketable.s24and25arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.QuestionQuestions

Themoredefinitionsagivennounhas,themorevaluableiseachone.Multipledefinitions,each

subtlydifferentfromalltheothers,conveymultipleshadesofmeaning.Theyexpandtheusesoftheword;languageisenriched,thoughtiswidened,andinterpretationsincreaseordilatetofillthepotentialitiesofassociation.Theveryimpossibilityofabsolutenessinthedefinitionofcertainnounsaddstothelevelsofconnotationtheymayreach.Theinnerlifeofawriteroftensaysmorethanmostreaderscanknow;themindofareadercandiscovertruthsthatgobeyondtheintentorperhapseventhecomprehensionofthewriter.Andallofitfindsexpressionbecauseawordcanmeanmanythings.

24.Inthecontextinwhichitappears,“shades”(line2)mostnearlymeansAremindersBnuances

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“如果你想做只有少数人才能做到的事情，那么你就得去学会承受大多数人所承受不了的痛苦和孤独...”--献给所有还在追梦的，考新GRE的童鞋们@维C上校（特种部队）---新浪微博

CobscuritiesDcoveringsEdegrees

25.Thepassagesuggeststhatawriter’suseofnounsthathavemultipledefinitionscanhavewhichofthefollowingeffectsontherelationshipbetweenwriterandreader?

AItcanencouragethereadertoconsiderhowthewriter’slifemighthaveinfluencedthework.BItcancausethereadertobecomefrustratedwiththewriter’sfailuretodistinguishbetweensubtleshadesofmeaning.

CItcanallowthereadertodiscerninaworkcertainmeaningsthatthewriterdidnotforesee.

DItallowsthewritertoprovidethereaderwithcluesbeyondtheworditselfinordertoavoidambiguity.

EItallowsthewritertopresentunfamiliarideastothereadermoreefficiently.

Thisistheendofsection329

“如果你想做只有少数人才能做到的事情，那么你就得去学会承受大多数人所承受不了的痛苦和孤独...”--献给所有还在追梦的，考新GRE的童鞋们@维C上校（特种部队）---新浪微博

Section4

Foreachofquestions9to14,selectoneanswerchoiceunlessotherwiseinstructed.Questions9to12arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

Untilrecently,manyanthropologistsassumedthattheenvironmentofwhatisnowthe

southwesternUnitedStatesshapedthesocialhistoryandcultureoftheregion’sindigenouspeoples.Buildingonthisassumption,archaeologistsassertedthatadverseenvironmentalconditionsanddroughtswereresponsibleforthedisappearancesandmigrationsofsouthwesternpopulationsfrommanysitestheyonceinhabited.

However,suchdeterministicargumentsfailtoacknowledgethatlocalenvironmentalvariabilityintheSouthwestmakesgeneralizingaboutthatenvironmentdifficult.ToexaminetherelationshipbetweenenvironmentalvariationandsocioculturalchangeintheWesternPuebloregionofcentralArizona,whichindigenoustribeshaveoccupiedcontinuouslyforatleast800years,aresearchteamrecentlyreconstructedtheclimatic,vegetational,anderosionalcyclesofpastcenturies.Theresearchersfounditimpossibletoprovideasingle,generallyapplicablecharacterizationofenvironmentalconditionsfortheregion.Rather,theyfoundthatlocalareasexperienceddifferentpatternsofrainfall,wind,anderosion,andthatsuchconditionshadprevailedintheSouthwestforthelast1,400years.Rainfall,forexample,variedwithinandbetweenlocalvalleysystems,sothatevenadjacentagriculturalfieldscanproducesignificantlydifferentyields.

Theresearcherscharacterizedepisodesofvariationinsouthwesternenvironmentsbyfrequency:low-frequencyenvironmentalprocessesoccurincycleslongerthanonehumangeneration,whichgenerallyisconsideredtolastabout25years,andhigh-frequencyprocesseshaveshortercycles.Theresearcherspointedoutthatlow-frequencyprocesses,suchasfluctuationsinstreamflowandgroundwaterlevels,wouldnotusuallybeapparenttohumanpopulations.Incontrast,high-frequencyfluctuationssuchasseasonaltemperaturevariationsareobservableandsomewhatpredictable,sothatgroupscouldhaveadaptedtheirbehaviorsaccordingly.WhentheresearcherscomparedsequencesofsocioculturalchangeintheWesternPuebloregionwithepisodesoflow-andhigh-frequencyenvironmentalvariation,however,theyfoundnosimplecorrelationbetweenenvironmentalprocessandsocioculturalchangeorpersistence.

AlthoughearlyPueblopeoplesdidprotectthemselvesagainstenvironmentalriskanduncertainty,theyrespondedvariouslyondifferentoccasionstosimilarpatternsofhigh-frequencyclimaticandenvironmentalchange.Theresearchersidentifiedsevenmajoradaptiveresponses,includingincreasedmobility,relocationofpermanentsettlements,changesinsubsistencefoods,andrelianceontradewithothergroups.Thesefindingssuggestthatgroups’adaptivechoicesdependedonculturalandsocialaswellasenvironmentalfactorsandwereflexiblestrategiesratherthanuncomplicatedreactionstoenvironmentalchange.Environmentalconditionsmattered,buttheywererarely,ifever,sufficienttoaccountforsocioculturalpersistenceandchange.Groupsizeandcomposition,culture,contactwithothergroups,andindividualchoicesandactionswere—barringcatastrophessuchasfloodsorearthquakes—moresignificantforapopulation’ssurvivalthanwereclimateandenvironment.

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