新GRE阅读真题与解析(维C上校 编著)(2)

“如果你想做只有少数人才能做到的事情，那么你就得去学会承受大多数人所承受不了的痛苦和孤独...”--献给所有还在追梦的，考新GRE的童鞋们@维C上校（特种部队）---新浪微博

Cthemusic-listeningpublicDmusiccriticsgenerallyEHagginexclusively

5.TheauthormentionsSchumannandBrahmsprimarilyinorderto

AprovideexamplesofcomposerswhoareoftencomparedwithMendelssohnBidentifycertaincomposerswhoaremorepopularthanMendelssohnCidentifycomposerswhomMendelssohninfluencedDestablishthemilieuinwhichMendelssohnworked

EestablishastandardofcomparisonforMendelssohnasacomposerQuestions6and7arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

Whilemostscholarshiponwomen’semploymentintheUnitedStatesrecognizesthattheSecondWorldWar(1939–1945)dramaticallychangedtheroleofwomenintheworkforce,thesestudiesalsoacknowledgethatfewwomenremainedinmanufacturingjobsoncemenreturnedfromthewar.Butinagriculture,unlikeotherindustrieswherewomenwereviewedastemporaryworkers,women’semploymentdidnotendwiththewar.Instead,theexpansionofagricultureandasteadydecreaseinthenumberofmalefarmworkerscombinedtocausetheindustrytohiremorewomeninthepostwaryears.Consequently,the1950ssawagrowingnumberofwomenengagedinfarmlabor,eventhoughrhetoricinthepopularmediacalledforthereturnofwomentodomesticlife.

6.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthemanufacturingandagriculturalsectorsintheUnitedStatesfollowingtheSecondWorldWardifferedinwhichofthefollowingrespects?ATherateofexpansionineachsector

BThepercentageofemployeesineachsectorwhoweremenCThetrendinthewagesofmenemployedineachsector

DTheattitudeofthepopularmediatowardtheemploymentofwomenineachsector

ETheextenttowhichwomenineachsectorweresatisfiedwiththeirjobs

7.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutwomen’semploymentintheUnitedStatesduringandaftertheSecondWorldWarismostclearlysupportedbythepassage?

AMostwomenwhojoinedtheworkforceduringtheSecondWorldWarwantedtoreturntodomesticlifewhenthewarended.

BThegreatmajorityofwomenwhojoinedtheworkforceduringtheSecondWorldWarwereemployedinmanufacturingjobs.

CTheendoftheSecondWorldWarwasfollowedbyalarge-scaletransferofwomenworkersfrommanufacturingtoagriculture.

DTheincreaseinwomen’semploymentthataccompaniedtheSecondWorldWarwaslongerlastinginagriculturethanitwasinmanufacturing.

EThepopularmediaweremoreforcefulincallingforwomentojointheworkforceduringtheSecondWorldWarthanincallingforwomento

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“如果你想做只有少数人才能做到的事情，那么你就得去学会承受大多数人所承受不了的痛苦和孤独...”--献给所有还在追梦的，考新GRE的童鞋们@维C上校（特种部队）---新浪微博

returntodomesticlifeafterthewar.

Questions8and9arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

SincetheHawaiianIslandshaveneverbeenconnectedtootherlandmasses,thegreatvarietyofplantsinHawaiimustbearesultofthelong-distancedispersalofseeds,aprocessthatrequiresbothamethodoftransportandanequivalencebetweentheecologyofthesourceareaandthatoftherecipientarea.

Thereissomedisputeaboutthemethodoftransportinvolved.SomebiologistsarguethatoceanandaircurrentsareresponsibleforthetransportofplantseedstoHawaii.Yettheresultsofflotationexperimentsandthelowtemperaturesofaircurrentscastdoubtonthesehypotheses.Moreprobableisbirdtransport,eitherexternally,byaccidentalattachmentoftheseedstofeathers,orinternally,bytheswallowingoffruitandsubsequentexcretionoftheseeds.WhileitislikelythatfewervarietiesofplantseedshavereachedHawaiiexternallythaninternally,morevarietiesareknowntobeadaptedtoexternalthantointernaltransport.

8.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith

AdiscussingdifferentapproachesbiologistshavetakentotestingtheoriesaboutthedistributionofplantsinHawaii

BdiscussingdifferenttheoriesaboutthetransportofplantseedstoHawaii

CdiscussingtheextenttowhichaircurrentsareresponsibleforthedispersalofplantseedstoHawaii

Dresolvingadisputeabouttheadaptabilityofplantseedstobirdtransport

Eresolvingadisputeabouttheabilityofbirdstocarryplantseedslongdistances

9.Theauthormentionstheresultsofflotationexperimentsonplantseeds(lines7–8)mostprobablyinorderto

AsupporttheclaimthatthedistributionofplantsinHawaiiistheresultofthelong-distancedispersalofseeds

BlendcredibilitytothethesisthataircurrentsprovideamethodoftransportforplantseedstoHawaii

Csuggestthatthelong-distancedispersalofseedsisaprocessthatrequireslongperiodsoftimeDchallengetheclaimthatoceancurrentsareresponsibleforthetransportofplantseedstoHawaiiErefutetheclaimthatHawaiianfloraevolvedindependentlyfromflorainotherpartsoftheworld

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“如果你想做只有少数人才能做到的事情，那么你就得去学会承受大多数人所承受不了的痛苦和孤独...”--献给所有还在追梦的，考新GRE的童鞋们@维C上校（特种部队）---新浪微博

ReadingComprehensionQuestions:Medium

Questions1and2arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

IenjoyedADreamofLight&Shadow:PortraitsofLatinAmericanWomenWritersforthesamereasonsthat,asachild,Iavidlyconsumedwomen’sbiographies:thefascinationwithhowthebiographicaldetailsofanotherfemale’slifearerepresentedandinterpreted.

ADreamoffersarichread,variedinboththelivesandtextsofthewomenportrayed,andtheperspectivesandstylesofthesixteenessayists.Yet,asanadult,Ihavecometodemandofanyreally“great”bookaself-consciousnessaboutthetenuousnatureofrepresentationsofreality,acriticalcontextualizationoffloriddetail,andaself-awarenessoftheroleofideologyinourlives.Inthesecriticalsenses,ADreamisinadequate.

Forthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.1.TheauthorofthepassagesuggeststhatADreamfallsshortinwhichofthefollowingrespects?AItdoesnotappeartorecognizethatrepresentationsofrealitycanbeunreliable.BItseemstofocusonstylisticvarietyattheexpenseofaccuracyofdetail.

CItoffersawealthofdetailwithoutsufficientcriticalexaminationofthatdetail.

2.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionofthesecondsentence(“ADream...essayists”)inthecontextofthepassageasawhole?

ATogiveexamplesofhowADreampresentsfascinatingportraitsthatdisplayawarenessofthetenuousnatureofrepresentationsofreality

BToelaborateonhowADreamfulfillstheauthor’schildhoodcriteriaforapleasurablebook

CTosuggestthattheauthorenjoyedADreamforreasonsmoresophisticatedthanthereasonssheenjoyedcertainbooksasachild

DToillustratewaysinwhichtheauthorfindsADreamtobeinadequateincertaincriticalsensesEToimplythatADreamistoovariedinfocustoprovideapropercontextualizationofthebiographicaldetailsitoffers

3.DuringthedayinLakeConstance,thezooplanktonD.hyalinadepartsforthedepthswherefoodisscarceandthewatercold.D.galeataremainsnearthewarmsurfacewherefoodisabundant.EventhoughD.galeatagrowsandreproducesmuchfaster,itspopulationisoftenoutnumberedbyD.Hyalina.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldhelpresolvetheapparentparadoxpresentedabove?

AThenumberofspeciesofzooplanktonlivingatthebottomofthelakeistwicethatofspecieslivingatthesurface.

BPredatorsofzooplankton,suchaswhitefishandperch,liveandfeednearthesurfaceofthelakeduringtheday.

CInordertomakethemostofscarcefoodresources,D.hyalinamaturesmoreslowlythanD.galeata.

DD.galeataclustersundervegetationduringthehottestpartofthedaytoavoidtheSun’srays.

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“如果你想做只有少数人才能做到的事情，那么你就得去学会承受大多数人所承受不了的痛苦和孤独...”--献给所有还在追梦的，考新GRE的童鞋们@维C上校（特种部队）---新浪微博

ED.galeataproducestwiceasmanyoffspringperindividualinanygivenperiodoftimeasdoesD.Hyalina.

Questions4and5arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

Tocqueville,apparently,waswrong.JacksonianAmericawasnotafluid,egalitariansocietywhereindividualwealthandpovertywereephemeralconditions.Atleastso

arguesE.PesseninhisiconoclasticstudyoftheveryrichintheUnitedStatesbetween1825and1850.

Pessendoespresentaquantityofexamples,togetherwithsomerefreshinglyintelligiblestatistics,toestablishtheexistenceofaninordinatelywealthyclass.Thoughactiveincommerceortheprofessions,mostofthewealthywerenotself-madebuthadinheritedfamilyfortunes.Innosensemercurial,thesegreatfortunessurvivedthefinancialpanicsthatdestroyedlesserones.Indeed,inseveralcitiesthewealthiestonepercentconstantlyincreaseditsshareuntilby1850itownedhalfofthecommunity’swealth.Althoughtheseobservationsaretrue,PessenoverestimatestheirimportancebyconcludingfromthemthattheundoubtedprogresstowardinequalityinthelateeighteenthcenturycontinuedintheJacksonianperiodandthattheUnitedStateswasaclass-ridden,plutocraticsocietyevenbeforeindustrialization.

4.Accordingtothepassage,PessenindicatesthatallofthefollowingweretrueoftheverywealthyintheUnitedStatesbetween1825and1850EXCEPT:ATheyformedadistinctupperclass.

BManyofthemwereabletoincreasetheirholdings.CSomeofthemworkedasprofessionalsorinbusiness.DMostofthemaccumulatedtheirownfortunes.

EManyofthemretainedtheirwealthinspiteoffinancialupheavals.

5.Whichofthefollowingbeststatestheauthor’smainpoint?

APessen’sstudyhasoverturnedthepreviouslyestablishedviewofthesocialandeconomicstructureofearly-nineteenth-centuryAmerica.

BTocqueville’sanalysisoftheUnitedStatesintheJacksonianeraremainsthedefinitiveaccountofthisperiod.

CPessen’sstudyisvaluableprimarilybecauseitshowsthecontinuityofthesocialsystemintheUnitedStatesthroughoutthenineteenthcentury.

DThesocialpatternsandpoliticalpoweroftheextremelywealthyintheUnitedStatesbetween1825and1850arewelldocumented.

EPessenchallengesaviewofthesocialandeconomicsystemsintheUnitedStatesfrom1825to1850,buthedrawsconclusionsthatareincorrect.

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“如果你想做只有少数人才能做到的事情，那么你就得去学会承受大多数人所承受不了的痛苦和孤独...”--献给所有还在追梦的，考新GRE的童鞋们@维C上校（特种部队）---新浪微博

Questions6to9arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

Theevolutionofintelligenceamongearlylargemammalsofthegrasslandswasdueingreatmeasuretotheinteractionbetweentwoecologicallysynchronizedgroupsof

theseanimals,thehuntingcarnivoresandtheherbivoresthattheyhunted.Theinteractionresultingfromthedifferencesbetweenpredatorandpreyledtoageneral

improvementinbrainfunctions;however,certaincomponentsofintelligencewereimprovedfarmorethanothers.

Thekindofintelligencefavoredbytheinterplayofincreasinglysmartercatchers

andincreasinglykeenerescapersisdefinedbyattention—thataspectofmindcarryingconsciousnessforwardfromonemomenttothenext.Itrangesfromapassive,free-floatingawarenesstoahighlyfocused,activefixation.Therangethroughthesestatesismediatedbythearousalsystem,anetworkoftractsconvergingfromsensorysystemstointegratingcentersinthebrainstem.Fromthemorerelaxedtothemorevigorouslevels,sensitivitytonoveltyisincreased.Theorganismismoreawake,morevigilant;thisincreasedvigilanceresultsintheapprehensionofevermoresubtlesignalsastheorganismbecomesmoresensitivetoitssurroundings.Theprocessesofarousalandconcentrationgiveattentionitsdirection.Arousalisatfirstgeneral,withafloodingofimpulsesinthebrainstem;thengraduallytheactivationischanneled.Thusbeginsconcentration,theholdingofconsistentimages.Onemeaningofintelligenceisthewayinwhichtheseimagesandotheralertlysearchedinformationareusedinthecontextofpreviousexperience.Consciousnesslinkspastattentiontothepresentandpermitstheintegrationofdetailswithperceivedendsandpurposes.

Theelementsofintelligenceandconsciousnesscometogethermarvelouslytoproducedifferentstylesinpredatorandprey.Herbivoresandcarnivoresdevelopdifferentkindsofattentionrelatedtoescapingorchasing.Althoughinbothkindsofanimal,arousalstimulatestheproductionofadrenalineandnorepinephrinebytheadrenalglands,theeffectinherbivoresisprimarilyfear,whereasincarnivorestheeffectisprimarilyaggression.Forboth,arousalattunestheanimaltowhatisahead.Perhapsitdoesnotexperienceforethoughtasweknowit,buttheanimaldoesexperiencesomethinglikeit.Thepredatorissearchinglyaggressive,inner-directed,tunedbythenervoussystemandtheadrenalhormones,butawareinasenseclosertohumanconsciousnessthan,say,ahungrylizard’sinstinctivesnapatapassingbeetle.Usingpasteventsasaframework,thelargemammalpredatorisworkingoutarelationshipbetweenmovementandfood,sensitivetopossibilitiesincoldtrailsanddistantsounds—andyesterday’sunforgottenlessons.Theherbivorepreyisofadifferentmind.Itsmoodofwarinessratherthansearchinganditsattitudeofgeneralexpectancyinsteadofanticipatingaresilk-thinveilsoftranquillityoveranexplosiveendocrinesystem.

6.Theauthorreferstoahungrylizard(line29)primarilyinorderto

AdemonstratethesimilaritybetweenthehuntingmethodsofmammalsandthoseofnonmammalsBbroadentheapplicationoftheargumentbyincludinganinsectivoreasanexampleCmakeadistinctionbetweenhigherandlowerlevelsofconsciousness

DprovideanadditionalillustrationofthebrutalitycharacteristicofpredatorsEofferanobjectiontosuggestionsthatallanimalslackconsciousness

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