初中英语语法总复习(5)

定式to。

I often saw him go out of the room .-------- He was often seen to go out of the room by me . B．在had better, would rather, do nothing but等后面常省to。

○6 动词不定式的否定形式：not + to do ，有时也可以用－never + to do 结构。 3．动名词：动词原形＋ing 。具有名词、动词一些特征。

○1 一般式：主动语态：doing ，被动语态：being + 动词过去分词（表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生或之后发生)

○2 完成式：主动语态：having +动词过去分词，被动语态：having been +动词过去分词 （表示动作或状态在谓语动词的

动作或状态之前就发生）Children enjoy watching animated cartoon . I don’t remember having ever seen the film .

○3 动名词的否定形式：not + 动名词（v-ing） I regret not being able to help you . ○4 用法：

A． 作主语：

a. 动名词作主语如果太长，可以用形式主语it代替。Learning English is very important .--- It’s very important

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to learn English .

b. No + 动名词表示“禁止”。No smoking, No parking . B． 作宾语：He finished doing his homework . C． 作表语：His favourite sport is playing basketball .

D． 作定语：shopping basket, finishing line . （表明名词的用途、功能等）

E． 动名词的复合结构：名词所有格、形容词物主代词＋动名词。Do you mind my / Wei Fang’s opening the window ?

4．分词：动词原形＋ing 。具有形容词、副词和动词一些特征。（可分为现在分词、过去分词） 现在分词

○1 一般式：主动语态：doing ，被动语态：being + 动词过去分词（表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生)

○2 完成式：主动语态：having +动词过去分词，被动语态：having been +动词过去分词 （表示动作或状态在谓语动词的动作或状

态之前就发生）

○3 动名词的否定形式：not + 动名词（v-ing） No understanding the meaning of the words, he couldn’t explain the sentence .

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○4 用法：

A． 作表语。The result is surprising .

B． 作定语。Developing country (主谓关系) sleeping boy (boy 所做的动作)

C． 作状语。Passing by the house, he saw a girl playing the piano . = when he was passing by the house , he saw a girl playing the piano .

D． 作宾补。I found him lying on the grass.

过去分词

○1 形式：规则动词＋ed，和不规则动词的过去分词。 ○2 过去分词的否定形式：not + 动词过去分词。

3 用法： ○

A． 作表语：My bike is broken . He is very worried .

B． 作定语：developed country, fallen leaves, spoken English .

C． 作状语：Asked why he was absent, he said he was ill . = When he was asked why he was absent, he said he was ill .

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D． 作宾补：You had better have your shoes mended . I had my hair cut yesterday .

（十一）动词的语态

1． 语态定义：英语中表示主语和谓语之间的关系的动词形式称为语态。英语的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。We teach English in our school .(主动) English is taught in our school .（被动）

2． 被动语态：助动词Be + 及物动词的过去分词（be +p.p.），be有人称、时态和数的变化。见下表：

时 态 一般现在时 一般过去时 一般将来时 现在进行时 过去进行时 现在完成时 时 态

谓语动词的形式 Am / is / are + 动词过去分词 Was / were +动词过去分词 Shall / will + be +动词过去分词 Am / is / are + being +动词过去分词 Was / were +being动词过去分词 Has / have + been + 动词过去分词 谓语动词的形式 例 子 Colour TVs are made in the factory . My hometown was liberated in 1949 . The film will be shown again . The walls are being painted . The tickets were being well sold then . A new road has been built here . 例 子 24

过去完成时 含有情态动词的被动语态 Had + been +动词过去分词 Much had been done before mother came back . 情态动词＋be＋动词过去分词 The composition must be handed in today . 3． 被动语态中值得注意的问题：

○1 带有双宾语的动词，可以把任何一个宾语变被动，一般在间接宾语前加适当的介词。My father gave me a book ./ I was

given a book by my father ./ A book was given to me by my father .

○2 英语中有些动词用主动语态表示被动语态。The cloth washes well ./ This kind of bags sells well. / The shoes wear

long. / The knife cuts well . / The pen writes smoothly . / This coat lasts long .

○3 在英语中有时“be + V-ed”结构并不是被动语态，而是系表结构。The mountains were covered with snow . ○4 在“主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语”的结构中，要补留宾语补足语。We found the door broken. / The door was found

broken.

○5 宾语补足语为省to的不定式，变为被动语态后，要还原to。He made me laugh. / I was made to laugh .

○6 如果短语动词是及物动词时，可以用被动语态，但不能遗漏所含的介词或副词。The nurse looked after the baby ./ The

baby was looked after by the nurse . / We must make up for the lessons we missed. / The lessons we missed

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