式和相同。Ought to着重表示客观要求,含有法律上或道义上的..should hae done..........................................责任。Should往往表示说话者的主观意见,表示一种必要性。 .............................. 1. Henry ought to be here soon ----- he left home at six. .............................................
2. “I.’ ll start the work tomorrow.” ----- “I think you should start at once.” .............................................................. .(二)、ought to have done/ must have done ...............................
Must have done与 ought to have done都是推测“已经做-----”, 但是说话人................................................对陈述的肯定性程度却有很大区别。Must have 表明说话人对自己所描述事........................done................件确信无疑,也就是说,说话人完全肯定其说法的正确性。而...........................ought to have done...............则表明说话人对自己所描述的事仅仅是个猜测而已,也就是说,说话人并不能完...................................全肯定其说法的正确性。 ...........
Ought to have done “本应该做某事但实际上并没有做”,有时含有批...............往往表示..........................评、责备之意,而则表示“本不应该做某事但实际上却做........ought not to have done...................................了”,即指“某人做了错事、傻事或蠢事”,因而往往含有批评、责备之意。 ..................................
五、should ........(一)、should/ must/ ought .....................
三者均表义务,但最强烈。而和则是“应当”的意思,........must.........should.......ought to.................当和 ought to作“应当”讲时,含义相似,常可互换。但to更多.should.................................ought .........反映客观情况,表示根据法律、义务“应当”,比语气强;should表示主......................should...................观看法,一种建议、劝说。 ............
1. You should come earlier tomorrow. ............................... 2. You must do it at once. ....................
3. You ought to help him; he is in trouble. ..................................
(二)、虚拟语气中的should/ .................虚拟语气中的......would..... 虚拟语气中的表示“肯定”或“必然”的结果,而表示“应......would.....................should..........该”“应当”的含义。还可以使用表示“能力、允许、可能”或使用...............could,.....................might.....表示“可能性”。 ........ .I.f you loved me, you wouldn’.t say that. ............................. .(三)、should的含义 ............ 1. ..在疑问句中.....
Should与疑问词(why, how“惊奇、意外”等含义,如例..................等)连用有时含有.....................1。但是不能认为凡是与疑问词连用便具有“惊奇、意外”等含义。例........should.............................2.
中就没有此意思,而仅是表“应该”、“应当”,相当于。 .should..............................ought to........ 2. ..在陈述句中..... A. ,如例。 ..道义上或责任上的“应该”...............3.. B. 或推测,如例。 ..表示估计..........4.. C. ..还可表示“竟然”的意思。............
1. “Give me that photo.” “Why should I ?” 为什么是要给你? ......................................... 2. The housekeeper considered how she should answer. ............................................. 3. You should brush your teeth before you go to bed. ..........................................
4. So far as I know you shouldn’.t have any problems there. .............................................. 不可能有麻烦。....... 5. You can’.t .imagine that well-behaved gentleman so rude to a ...................a ...................... be ...........
lady.(2001, ) A. might ...........上海.......... B. need ...... C. should ........ D. would .......
六、Can .....(一)can与 .......may ... 表许可...
通常用询问是否许可,而may是个较正式的词。区别是may用于正式语...can.................................体,而用于非正式语体,尤其是口语中。 ...can..................(二)can意为“能,可能,可以”,表示一种能力,也表示可能性,有时还可表示......................................许可;may意为“可能,也许,可以”,它不表示能力,常用来表示可能性或许....................................可。 ..
(三)can be / can’.t be ...............表示可能性和推测........ can be也可表示现在或将来的“可能性”,如例、2。must表“推测”、“估计”.......................1..................意义时表示说话人对自己的“推测或估计”深信不疑,一般译为“一定.---”。同样,......................................它的否定式’.t也表示说话人对自己的“推测或估计”深信不疑, 一般译为“一.....can................................定不---”。 .......
1. Noise can be quite a problem when you’.re living in a flat. ................................................ 2. So data of this kind can be valuable. ................................ 3. You can’.t be serious. = You must be joking. .................................... 4. They can’.t be teling lies. .......................
(三)can have done ,而且其结果与..............表示从现在的眼光看“过去可能发生了谋事”...........................现在有关。Can have done大都用在否定和疑问句中。 ............................Where can he have gone? ...................
She’s two hours late------what can have happened? ...........................................(四)can not(can’.t) have done/ could not have done ........................................
can not(can’.t) have done和都可以表示以现在的眼光看.....................could not have done............................“过去不可能发生的事”,但是还可以从过去的某个时间点看..............could not have done.............................“以前不可能发生的事”。还要注意,有其对应的肯定式,即................could not have done...........................could have done;而’.t) have done却没有其相对应的肯定式,也就是说...............can not(can....................................can+完成体只能用在否定句和疑问句中。 ....................(五)cannot (couldn’.t) help but do ...........................不得不...cannot (couldn’.t) help doing ........................禁不住做谋事......
When a friend gave Jim a ticket to the game, he couldn’t help but go. ....................................................... She cannot help smiling. .....................
(六) cannot(never) .--- too --- ........................这个结构并不是表示“不可能太---”,而是表示“无论怎样---也不过分”、“越---..........................................越好”。 ....
We cannot work too much for the people. ................................为人民服务越多越好。..........
A man can never have too many ties. ............................男人有再多的领带也不算多。.............
(七) won’.t / can’.t ............ Will可用作助动词表示“将来”,亦可用作情态动词表“愿意”或“决心”,can’.t ........................................可以表示“不能够”。 ..........I won’.t do it any more. I promise you. .............................
Will you stay for lunch? ------ Sorry, I can’.t. My brother is coming to see me. ...............................................................(八) cannot (can’.t) / must not (mustn’.t) ...............................Can既可以表示“能力”或“可能”,也可以表示“被允许”;cann’.t表示“不可.......................................以,不允许”,或者表推测“不可能---” ....................
Mustn’.t 的意思是“不准”、“不允许”。表推测只有肯定形式。 ...............................
七、could ....... (一)、表示过去的能力 ...........
1. Nicola could play chess when he was six. ...................................
2. I could run two miles without stopping when I was younger. .................................................. .(二)、表示现在或将来的“能力”、“可能性”、“被允许” ........................... A. ..指现在或将来的能力.........
Could you ren the business by yourself? ................................. B. ..指现在或将来的“可能性”............
1. It could be very interesting to watch an Arab and an Englishman talking together. ...................................................................... 2. I could do it now if you like. ......................... 3. She could be famous one day ........................ C. ..指现在或将来的“允许”........... 1. I wonder if I could use your phone. ..............................
2. Permission is granted. We could go next week. ........................................
注意:由于比更加具有试探性和不肯定性,所以在表示请求和建议时.....could......can...........................常常有代替 ...could.......can, ....显得更加有礼貌。........ Could I possibly borrow your car? ............................ .(三)、could/ was able to ..................
当用作一般过去时时,则常常不是单纯地表示过去的“能力”或“可.be able to.....................................能性”,而是把“能力”和“成功(完成)”这两层意思结合起来,而且强调的往....................................往是后者。因此,was/ were to could在意义上是有区别的。例只是说................abel ......和.................1....“我曾经有能力通过考试”。而不是说“我成功地通过了考试”。另一方面,I was ......................................able to pass the examination(相当于I succeeded in passing the examination), ...............................................................则表示...确实通过了考试 ....... 1. I could pass the examination. ...........................
2. I was able to solve the problem quickly. ................................... (四)、could/ can .............
Can, could表能够和可能时,can表真实,could表非真实。Can, could表允.............................................许、怀疑和不大可能,只是语气较为委婉,含义更不确定。 ............could................... Could/might—常表示自己谦虚、尊敬别人,因此发问时比 更常用。...............................can/ may...........但是,回答别人时便不能用而要用 ............could/ might,...............can/ may......... 1. He can speak English. (表能够) ......................... 2. You could get the book from the library if necessary. (非真实) .............................................. ..... 3. Can I use your pen? (表允许) ................. ..... 4. Could I use your pen? (较为委婉) .........................
5. ---- Could I borrow your dictionary? ---- Yes, of course you can. ........................................................ .(五)、could you / would you ....................
在提出请求时,could you/ would you都是很客气的说法,因此都可以使用。.........................................
人们认为更客气一些。 ....would you/ could you....................... 1. Could you open the door? ...................... 2. Would you lend me some money? .......................... .( 六)、could have done ................用于虚拟语气......
A. ..表示某事在过去本有可能发生,但事实上并未发生。在这一基本含义下,................................可用于表示埋怨或训斥(某事在过去有可能发生,但说话人确切知道该事并未..................................发生) ...
1. You needn’.t have cooked it. We could have eaten it raw. ..............................................
2. I could have lent you the money. Why didn’.t you ask me? ............................................. B. 情的一种推测。(说话人推测某事在过去有可能..表示对过去可能发生的事................................发生,至于该事是否真的发生,说话人并不确切知道,说话人仅是对过去事件..................................的一种推测,一种估计)。 ............1. “ The money has disappeared! Who would have taken it?” “ Tom could have ............................................................(taken it), he was here alone yesterday.” ...................................2. The letter could have got lost in the post. .....................................
由于这个结构能表示两种不同的含义,所以有些句子,脱离上下文,可能................................会产生歧异。如:He could have sent a message. ................................他可能送了个信儿来(说话人并..............不知道他事实上是否送来了信儿)。他本可以送个信儿来的(说话人确切知道他...................................并没有送信来) ....... (七)、could .........的常见翻译误区.......
1. I couldn’.t agree more. 。 .................... 我再同意不过(我完全同意)..............
2. We couldn't have had worse news. ............................. 我们不可能有更坏的消息了。.............
八、may ..... .(一) may/ might/ could/ can .....................
四者都可用来提出请求、要求、许可,比起和在表示...................may....can, might .........和.could........提出请求时更尊重对方,心里更没底,更带有试探性。这时和不表示..........................might......could........过去时态。表示“给出许可”, 一般用或或 .................may....can, ....而不用...might......could.......1. A: May I go now ? .............. B: Yes, of course................2. Might I call your by your first name? ................................
3. ------ Could I use your phone? ------ Yes, of course you can. ........................... .........................(二)、may/ might + v.和have + done .................may/ might + ...................
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