典藏版-初中英语语法解析大全 - 图文(8)

How dare you say I am a fool?(你竟敢说我是个傻瓜？)/ He didn‘t dare to touch the red button.(他不敢触碰那个红色的按钮) ⑵ ?d better (do)(“最好是”)一般也当作情态动词使用, 否定式是：‘d better not (do). 如：You‘d better sit here and say nothing.(你最好坐在这儿不讲话)/ You‘d better not speak because he is sleeping.(你最好不要讲话因为他正在睡觉) 2、动词词形变化一览表： (1)规则动词变化表： 原形动词结尾情况 现在时单三人称 现 在 分 词 过去式和过去分词 +s +ing +ed 一般情况 规 +es +ing +ed s,x,ch,sh,o结尾 则+ing 辅音字母+y结尾 y→i,+es y→i,+ed 变 重读闭音节一元一辅结尾 +s 双写辅音字母,+ing 双写辅音字母,+ed 化 +s +d 不发音的e结尾 去掉e,+ing +s +d ie结尾 ie→y,+ing have→has；be→is (无) (见不规则动词变化表) 不规则变化 注意：①在加ing或ed时动词如果以“r”结尾,尾音节又重读的动词,“r”应双写。 ②s/es的读音规则：在清辅音后读[s]；在浊辅音后和元音后读[z]；在[ s ]、[ F]、[z]、[tF]、[dV]后读[iz]. ③ed的读音规则：在清辅音后读[t]；在浊辅音后和元音后读[d]；在[t]、[d]后读[id]. (2)不规则动词变化表：( 原形 → 过去式 → 过去分词) be(am,is) be(are) beat become begin blow break was were beat became began blew broke been been beaten become begun blown broken lose make may mean meet mistake must 36 lost made might meant met mistook must lost made meant met mistaken bring build buy can catch choose come cost cut dig do draw drink drive eat fall feel find fly forget freeze get give go grow hang have(has) hear hide hit hold hurt keep know lay learn leave lend let lie brought built bought could caught chose came cost cut dug did drew drank drove ate fell felt found flew forgot froze got gave went grew hung/hanged had heard hid hit held hurt kept knew laid left lent let lay brought built bought pay put read ride ring rise run say see sell send set shall shine show shut sing sink sit smell speak spend spill spoil stand sweep swim take teach tell think throw wake wear will win write paid put read rode rang rose ran said saw sold sent set should shone showed shut sang sank/sunk set slept smelt spoke spent spilt spoilt stood swept swam took taught told thought threw woke/waked wore would won wrote paid put Read ridden rung risen run said seen sold sent set caught chosen come cost cut dug done drawn drunk driven eaten fallen felt found flown frozen got given gone grown hung/hanged had heard hidden hit held hurt kept known laid left lent let lain shone shown shut sung sunk/sunken set slept smelt spoken spent spilt spoilt stood swept swum taken taught told thought thrown understood woken/waked worn forgot/forgotten sleep understand understood learnt/learned learnt/learned won witten 37 3、be动词的各种时态变化 一 般 现 在 时 I am…. You are.… He/She/It is…. We/You/They are…. 一 般 过 去 时 I was…. You were.… He/She/It was…. We/You/They were…. 一 般 将 来 时 (I等各人称) will be…. I am He/She/It is going to be… We/You/They are 过 去 将 来 时 (I等各人称) would be…. I was He/She/It was going to be… We/You/They were 现 在 完 成 时 I have been…. You have been…. She/he/It has been…. We/You/They have been…. 过 去 完 成 时 I had been…. You had been…. She/he/It had been…. We/You/They had been…. 注意：句型变化时, 否定句在am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 后面加not, 而且not都可以缩写为n‘t (am后面not不可以缩写)； 疑问句将am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 提前到句首。 4、其它谓语动词(主动语态)的时态变化 一 般 现 在 时 现 在 进 行 时 am 动词用原形(单三加s / es) is +动词-ing 谓语动词构成 (问句和否定句借用助词do / are does) 一 般 过 去 时 过 去 进 行 时 was 动词用过去式 +动词-ing 谓语动词构成 (问句和否定句借用助词did) were 过去 时态 现在 时态 一 般 将 来 时 现 在 完 成 时 will + 动词原形 have +过去分词 am has is +going to+动词原形 are 过 去 将 来 时 过 去 完 成 时 would + 动词原形 had +过去分词 was +going to+动词原形 were 5、八种时态的具体用法： (1) 一般现在时 表示现阶段经常或习惯发生的动作或存在的状态,或说明主语的特征。 ① 一般现在时句子中常有的时间状语： often,usually,sometimes,always,every (day等), once/twice,a (week等), on (Sunday等), never,in the (morning等)。 如：They go to the Palace Museum once a year.(他们每年去一次故宫)/ They often discuss business in the evening.(他们经常在晚上商谈生意) ② 表示客观真理、事实、人的技能或现在的状态时句子里一般不用时间状语。 如：The earth turns round the sun.(地球绕着太阳转)/ Light travels faster than sound.(光传播比声音快) 38 ③ 表示十分确定会发生(如安排好的事情)或按照时间表进行的事情,用一般现在可以表达将来,句子中可以有将来时间。 如：The train for Haikou leaves at 8：00 in the morning.(开往汉口的列车上午8点开车) ④ 在时间状语从句中(以when, after, before, while, until, as soon as等引导)和 条件状语从句中(以if,unless引导),用一般现在时代替一般将来时,句子可以有将来时间。 如：Please ring me up as soon as you arrive in Germany.(你一到德国就给我打电话) / If it rains tomorrow,we will have to stay at home.(如果明天下雨我们就只好呆在家) ⑤ 一般现在时用于倒装句中可以表示正在发生的动作,动词以come, go为主。 如：Here comes the bus. (车来了) / There goes the bell.(铃响了)。 ⑥ 一般现在时常用于体育比赛的解说或寓言故事中。 Now the midfield player catches the ball and he keeps it. ⑦ 人的心理活动和感官动作一般用一般现在时而不用现在进行时表达,常见动词有： like, love, hate, dislike, want, wish, hope, think(认为), understand, remember, forget, mean, need, hear, feel, see. 如：I think it is going to snow.(我想天要下雪了)/ I really hope you can enjoy your stay here.(我真的希望你愉快地呆在这儿) (2) 一般过去时 表示过去某时发生的动作或状态,这种动作或状态可能是一次性,也可能经常发生。 ① 表示过去具体时刻发生的一次性动作时,时间状语有： at (eight) (yesterday morning),(ten minutes) ago, when引导的时间状语从句。 如：I got up at 6：00 this morning.(我是早上六点钟起床的)/ Little Tom broke the window at half past nine this morning.(小汤姆今天早上九点半把窗子打破了)/ When he went into the room,he saw a stranger talking with his father.(他走进房间时发现一个陌生人正和他父亲谈话) ② 表示过去一段时间内不知何时发生的一次性动作时,时间状语有： yesterday, last (year等), in (1998 等)。 如：He came to our city in the year 2000.(他2000年来到我们市) ③ 表示过去一个阶段中经常发生的事情时,时间状语有： last…, in…, from…to…, for(10 years),often,usually, sometimes, always, never等。 如：Mr Jackson usually went to evening schools when he was young. / Every day he went to the rich man and borrowed books from him. ④ 讲故事、对过去经历的回忆、双方都明白的过去事件等一般用过去时,而且经常省略时间状语。 如：I happened to meet Rose in the street.(我正好在街上遇到露西) (3) 一般将来时 表示将来某一时刻或经常发生的动作或状态。 ①一般将来时的时间状语有： tomorrow,this (afternoon),next (year),one day,now,soon, someday,sometime, in the future, when引导的从句等。 ② 用will构成的将来时,表示动作与人的主观愿望无关。 “shall”用于第一人称,“will”用于所有人称。 如：I will graduate from this school soon.(我很快就要从这所中学毕业了)/ You will stay alone after I leave.(我走了之后你就要一个人过了) 39 ③ “am/is/are going to+动词原形”表示打算或准备要做的事情,或者主观判断即将要发生的事情,而“am/is/are to +动词原形”表示安排或计划中的动作。 如：A man told them that the woman was to give birth to the special baby. (有一个人告诉他们那个妇女就会生下那个特别的男孩)/ It‘s going to rain soon.(天快要下雨了) ④ 表示一个人临时决定要做某事,可以用will表达。 如：I will go to the lab to get some chemicals(化学药剂). So please wait until I return.(我要到化学实验室去取些药品,请等我回头) ⑤ 现在进行时、一般现在时也可以表示将来。(见相应时态) ⑥ shall和will 在口语的一些疑问句中相当于情态动词。 Shall一般与第一人称连用,will与第二人称连用。 如：Shall we go to the zoo next Saturday?(我们下周六去动物园好吗？)/ Will you please open the door for me?(替我把门打开好吗？) ⑦ “be to +动词原形”表示按照计划将要发生的事情。 如：An angel came to tell her that she was to have this special boy. (4)现在进行时 现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作或是现阶段正发生而此刻不一定在进行的动作。 ① 现在进行时由“助动词be (am is are ) +现在分词”构成。 ② 现在进行时的时间状语有： now, this …, these…等,但经常不用。 如：What are you doing up in the tree?(你在树上干什么？)/ I am writing a long novel these days.(我最近在写一本长篇小说) ③ 表示即将发生的动作,一般指近期安排好的事情。 常见的动词有：come, go, stay, leave, spend, do等。 如：I‘m coming now.(我就来)/ What are you doing tomorrow?(你明天干什么？)/ He is leaving soon.(他就要走了) ④ 表示频繁发生或反复进行的动作,常与always等频度副词连用,以表示赞扬、不满或讨厌等感情色彩。如：He is always borrowing money from me and forgetting all about it some time later. (他老是向我借钱,过一些时候就忘得一干二净) (5)过去进行时 过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。 ① 过去进行时由“was(第一、三人称单数)或were(第二人称单数和各人称的复数)+现在分词”构成。 ② 过去进行时的时间状语有： then, at that time, this time yesterday, at (eight) yesterday (morning),(a year) ago, 以及由when引出的时间状语从句。 如：He was cooking supper this time yesterday.(昨天这个时候他正在做晚饭)/ The little girl was playing with her toy when I saw her.(我看到小女孩的时候她正在玩玩具) 40

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