如:The third lesson is rather difficult.(第三课相当难)/ Shall we read the text a third time?(我们把课文读第三遍,好吗?) 五、冠词 1、冠词分类及读法: 英语中冠词有不定冠词和定冠词两种,常放在名词的前面,用来限定名词的意义,起泛指或特指的作用。 定冠词the读法:单独念时读[ i:],在句子中常发[ i ](元音之前)或者[ ](辅音之前); 不定冠词a/an的读法:单独念时读 [ei ]/[ ];在句子中常发 [ ]/[[n]。 2、不定冠词a / an的用法: 不定冠词a / an用在单数名词的前面,a用在辅音开头的词前面; an用在元音开头的词的前面。 不定冠词的基本用法: (1) 表示某一个人或东西,但不具体说明何人或何物。 如:There is a dog lying on the ground.(有一只狗躺在地上。) (2) 表示某类人或事物,以区别于其他种类。 如:A elephant is much stronger than a man.(大象比人强壮多了。)(不能译为:一头大象比一个人强壮。) (3) 表示某类人或事物中的任何一个。 如:He is a teacher of English.(他是英语教师。) (4) 表示“一”这个数量。 如:There is a table and four chairs in that dining-room.(在那个餐厅里有一张桌子和四把椅子。) (5) 几个用不定冠词的习语: a bit(一点), a little(一点), a few(几个), a lot (许多), a kind of(一种), a pair of(一副、一双), a number of(大量的), a piece of (一张、一片), half an hour(半小时), have a good time(玩得开心), have a cold(感冒), make a noise(发出嘈杂声), have/take a (rest等)(休息)一会儿,等等。 3、定冠词the的用法:定冠词the用在可数名词的单数或复数或不可数的名词前面。 定冠词的基本用法: (1) 表示特指的人或事物。 如:The man with a flower in his hand is Jack..(手上拿着一朵花的男人是杰克) (2) 指谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物。 如:Look at the blackboard,Lily.(莉莉,请看黑板。) (3) 复述前面提到过的人或事物。 如:There is a man under the tree. The man is called Robert.(树下有个人, 那个人叫罗伯特。) (4) 表示世界上独一无二的事物。 如:The earth turns around the sun.(地球绕太阳旋转。) (5) 用在表示方位的名词前面。 如:There will be strong wind to the south of the Yangtze River.(长江以南地 区将会刮大风。) (6) 在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。 如:Who is the first one to go?(谁第一个去?) / Of all the stars, the sun is the nearest to the earth.(在所有的恒星之中太阳离地球最近) (7) 常用在乐器名称的前面。 16 如:He began to play the violin at the age of 5.(五岁时他开始拉小提琴) (8) 用在江河、海洋、山脉等名称的前面。 如:I have never been to the Himalaya Mountains.(我从来没有去过喜马拉雅山) (9) 用在含有普通名词的专有名词的前面。 如:He is from the United States of America.(他来自美利坚合众国) (10) 用在姓氏之前表示一家人。 如:The Greens are going to Mount Emei next month.(下个月格林一家要去峨眉山) (11) same之前一般用the。 如:Lucy and Lily look the same.(露西和莉莉看上去长得一样) (12) 几个用定冠词的习语: at the same time (与此同时),make the bed(铺床),in the end(最后),all the time(一直), by the way(顺便说一下),on the way(在路上)等等。 4、一些不用冠词的情况: (1) 专有名词和(第一次使用)一些不可数名词时前面通常不用。 如:China is a very large country.(中国是个大国) / Man needs air and water.(人类需要空气和水) (2) 名词前已有指示、物主或不定代词作定语时不用。 如:My pen is much more expensive than yours.(我的钢笔比你的昂贵多了) (3) 周名,月名或季节名前一般不用。 如:He was born on Monday, February 18,1995.(他出生在1995年二月十八日,星期一) / They usually plant trees on the hills in spring.(春天他们通常在山上植树) (4) (第一次使用)复数名词表示人或事物的类别时不用。 如:Men are cleverer than monkeys.(人比猴子聪明) (5) 三餐饭前不用。 如:We have breakfast at home and lunch at school.(我们在家吃早饭,在校吃午饭) (6) 节、假日前一般不用。 如:On Children‘s Day the boys often get presents from their parents. (在儿童节,这些男孩经常得到父母的礼物) (7) 球类名词前不用。 如:The children play football on Saturday afternoons.(孩子们星期六下午踢足球) (8) 城市的重要/主要建筑物名称前不用。 如:They are now at People‘s Cinema.(他们此刻在人民电影院) (9) 一些习惯用语中不用。 如:? at / to / from / out of / after / for school; ? in / to / for / after class; ?in / to / out of / into bed; ? after / at/ from / out of / to work; ? at / to sea; ? in / from / down / to town; ? at / from home; ? at / for / to breakfast/lunch/supper; ? at night/noon/midnight; ? on foot; ⑴ go to school/bed; 17 ⑵ on top of; ⑶ in front of; ⑷ on show/display/duty/watch; ⑸ in / out of hospital; ⑹ at all; ⑺ on/in time; ⑻ at first/last/once; ⑼ in Chinese/English, etc.; ⑽ take care of 六、形容词、副词 1、形容词:用来说明或修饰名词、代词的词称为形容词。 1、形容词的句法作用:作句子中名词的定语、句子的表语以及宾语补足语。 2、形容词在句子中的位置: ?作定语时放在名词的前面,且音节少的词放在音节多的词之前。 如:a big yellow wooden wheel(一个黄色的大木轮) ?作表语时放在连系动词之后。 如:The price sounds reasonable.(这个价格听起来算是合理) ?作宾语补足语时放在宾语之后。 如:We must try our best to keep our environment clean.(我们必须尽力保持我们的环境清洁) ?后置的情况: ① 饰复合不定代词时放在代词之后。 如:Something serious has happened to him.(他发生了严重的事故) ② 表示“长、宽、高、重、老、远离”的词连用时形容词后置。 如:He‘s 1.8 metres tall.(他身高1.8米。) The moon is about 380,000 kilometres away from the earth.(月球离地38万公里) 3、有关形容词的用法辨析: ? whole与all:记住两个词序: ① the whole + 名词; ② all (of) the + 名词。 如:He was busy the whole morning.(整个早晨他都很忙) / He can remember all the words he learns.(他能记住学过的所有单词) ? tall与high, short与low:指人的个子时用tall与short;指其他事物时一般用high与low。 如:He‘s very tall/short.(他个子高/矮) / Tall trees are standing on both sides of that avenue.(大道的两侧有高大的树木) / A few people live on high mountains.(少量的人住在高山上) ? real与true:real一般指东西的真假,译为“真的”;而true则指事情或消息的可靠性,译为“真实的”。 如:This is a real diamond(钻石) and it‘s very expensive.(这是货真价实的钻石,非常贵) / --Is that true?—Yes. I heard it with my own ears.(那真实吗? 是的,我亲耳所听) ? interested与interesting的区别: 18 interesting指人或东西“有趣的”,作定语或表语, interested则表示人对别的事物“感兴趣的”,只能作表语。 如:The man is very interesting and all the children like him. (这个人很有趣,孩子们都喜欢他)/ This book is interesting and you can really enjoy yourself.(这本书很有趣,你会真正获得享受) / I am interested in science.(我对自然科学感兴趣) ? such用法: such + a(n) + 名词(单数)(+that从句)。 如:I have never seen such a foolish(愚蠢的) boy.(我从来没有见过这么蠢的男孩) / He had such a terrible accident that he could never forget it.(他遭遇了这么可怕的事故,他永远也不会忘记) ? good与well: 表示“好”时,作定语或表语用good,作状语用well;表示“(身体)好”时用well. 如:Doing sports is good for us.(进行运动对我们有益) / Study well and make progress every day.(好好学习,天天向上) / --How are you?—I am very well.(你好吗?我很好。) ? nice与fine:的区别: nice表示令人愉快的,可以指东西、人物外表等; fine一般指身体或天气好。 如:Let‘s go and share(分享) the nice cake.(我们去分享那块美味的蛋糕吧) / She is a nice girl.(他是个漂亮的姑娘) / What a fine day!(多好的天气!) / He‘s fine recently(最近).(近来他身体不错) ? too much与much too: too much表示“太多的”,修饰事物数量; much too表示“太过,过分”,修饰形容词或副词。 如:I am full because I have had too much rice.(我饱了,因为我吃了太多的米饭) / That coat is much too dear.(那件大衣太贵了) ? quick、fast与soon: quick与fast基本同义, quick往往指反应速度快, fast往往指运动速度快,而 soon则表示时间上很快即将发生。 如:After a quick breakfast, he hurried to school leaving his bag at home. (匆匆地吃过早饭,他朝学校赶去,却把书包忘记在家) / A train is much faster than a bus.(火车比公共汽车快得多) / His father will be back to China very soon.(他父亲很快就要返回中国) ?lonely与alone: lonely是表示心理活动的形容词,意思是:“孤独的,寂寞的”,作定语或表语; alone的意思是:“独自的,单独的”,指无人陪伴,仅作表语,(作为副词的alone可作状语)。 如:He lives alone but he doesn‘t feel lonely.(他一人独住,但是并不感到孤独)/ He is a lonely person. You can not easily get on well with him. (他是个孤独的人,你要和他相处好实在不易) ⑴ other与else的区别:两个词都可以作形容词,但是用法不同, other放在名词前; else修饰不定代词、疑问词、little、much,后置,另外,or else表示“否则”,是连词。 如:The other students are on the playground.(其他学生在操场上) / Who else can work out this maths problem?(还有谁能解出着道数学题?) / This is nobody else‘s money. It‘s mine.(这不是别的什么人的钱,是我的。) / 19 Do you have anything else to say for yourself?(你还有什么要为自己说的吗? ⑵ special与especial的区别: 表示事件不同寻常、过分或特殊时,两个词可互换,但special较为常用。 另外,special还可以表示特别的目的。 如: She pays (e)special attention to clothes.(她非常注重着装) / These are special chairs for small children.(这些是专门给小孩子的椅子) ⑶ gone、lost、missing的区别: gone表示“丢了,没了”,含一去不复返的意思,也可以表示“死了”,作表语或宾补,不可以作定语; lost表示“丢失”,含难以找回的意思,可作定语、表语或宾补; missing表示“失踪了,不见了”,强调某人物不在原处,可作定语、表语或宾补。 如:My fever(高烧) is gone, but I still have a cough.(发烧消退了,但我仍然咳嗽) / The parents found the lost child at last.(家长终于找到了迷路的孩子) / My dictionary is missing.Who‘s taken it away?(我的字典不见了,谁拿走了?) / For more detailed information(详情) of the missing girls, please visit our website(网址). (如果想知道失踪女孩们的详情,请访问我们的网站) ⑷ living、alive、live、lively的区别: 四个词都来源于动词live“生活、居住”。 living读[?liviN]有三个意思: ① 活着的、现存的”,作表语或定语, ②“一模一样的、逼真的”, ③相当于lively,意思是“强烈的、活泼的”; live读[laiv],指东西“活的”,可以替换为living; alive读[[?laiv]作表语,指人“活着的”,如果作定语,则放在名词的后面; lively读[?laivli]有三个意思: ①?? 生气的、活泼的、快活的, ②?? ②(色彩)鲜艳的, ③?? ③生动的、真实的。 例如:A living language should be learned orally(口头上).(活的语言应该从口头上学)(被动句) / We have a living hope that you will succeed.(我们强烈地希望你能成功) / Is she still alive?(她还活着吗?) / They are the happiest children alive.(他们是活着的最开心的孩子) / This is a live fish.(这是条活鱼) / A live wire(电线) is dangerous.(有电的电线是危险的) / She is as lively as a kitten(小猫).(她像小猫一样可爱) / He gave a lively description of the football match.(他生动地描述了那场足球赛) ⑸ sick与ill区别: sick和ill都表示“生病的”,但是,sick可以做定语、表语,而ill只能做表语。 如:He has been ill/sick for a long time and he is very weak now.(他病了很久,现在非常虚弱) / Vets help treat sick pets and most of the pets‘ owners like them. (兽医帮助诊治患病的宠物,很受宠物主人们的喜爱) ⑹ the poor(穷人们) / the rich(富人们)等用法:“the+形容词”这一结构可以表示一类人物,复数含义。 如:We must try our best to help the poor.(我们应该尽力帮助穷人们) / The rich never know how the poor are living.(有钱人哪知穷人怎么过日子) 20
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