He lay there, his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 他躺在那儿,牙关紧闭,双拳紧握,两眼直视上方。
4. 独立主格结构与独立成分的异同
有些分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有逻辑上的主语,作为习惯用法。这些短语有:Generally speaking (总的说来),Frankly speaking (坦率地说),Judging from (从……判断),Supposing (假设),等等。 Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand. 总的说来,这条规则很容易懂。
Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man. 由他所说的来判断,他一定是一个诚实的人。 有些固定短语是带 to 的不定式,表明说话人的立场或态度,在句中作独立成分。这些短语有:to be honest(老实说),to be sure (确实),to tell you the truth (说实话),to cut a long story short (长话短说),to be frank (坦率地说),to make matters / things worse (更糟糕的是),等等。
To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling.
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说实话,我犯了一个拼写错误。
To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work.
情况更糟的是,许多男人都去城市找工资较高的工作,而留下附近村庄的妇女来继续承担修复工作。
5.独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是独立主格结构转换为状语从句后,它有自己的逻辑主语,与主句的主语不一致;而分词短语转换为状语从句后,从句的主语与主句的主语一致。
If time permits, we\'d better have a holiday at weekends.
转换为:Time permitting, we\'d better have a holiday at weekends. 如果时间允许,我们最好周末去度假。
When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful. 转换为:Seeing from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful. 从山顶上看,我们发现这个城市更美了。
还必须注意,分词结构的逻辑主语并不总是和主句的主语一致,也可以是主句的其他成分。
Searching for the thief in the city, it had taken the policemen a long time. 在城市里搜查小偷,花费了警察很长一段时间。(Searching短语的逻辑主语是主句中的policemen
高考英语语法考点聚焦 八 过去分词 过去分词的谓语用法
虽说过去分词是非谓语动词的一种,但是与助动词连用也用于谓语动词。 1. have+过去分词 = 完成时
随着have的时态变化,―have+过去分词‖可以构成现在完成时―have/ has done‖和过去完成时―had done‖。
I haven‘t heard from him much recently. 我最近没太收到过他的信。 I knew you had been busy. 我知道你一直很忙。 2. be+过去分词=被动语态
be的时态变化决定了被动语态的时态,如:was/ were done是一般过去时的被动语态,而will be done是一般将来时的被动语态。 The letter has been opened! 信被人拆开了。
He was said to have been arrested. 据说他被捕了。
3. have (has) / had been+过去分词=现在/过去完成式的被动语态
He has been invited to the college to teach. 他已经应邀去那所大学教书了。 过去分词的非谓语用法
Ⅰ. 构成其他非谓语动词的不同形式:
1. have done前加to构成不定式的完成式,having done即动词-ing形式的完成式。
I‘m sorry not to have given you enough help. 对不起没给你足够的帮助。
Having checked all the answers, he handed in the paper. 检查完所有的答案,他交了卷子。 2. be done前加to是不定式的被动态,being done是动词-ing形式的被动态。
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She is very glad to be invited to the party. 她很高兴被邀请来那个聚会。 The house being built is for the old people in that village. 正在建的房子是给那个村子的老年人的。
3. have been done前加to是不定式的完成式的被动态,having been done是动词ing形式的完成式的被动态。
He was said to have been sent to Africa. 据说他被派到非洲去了。
Having been trained for three months, he returned to the village school, full of confidence.
受训三个月之后,他信心满满地返回那间乡村学校。 Ⅱ. 过去分词的时间和语态概念:
在时间上,经常表示完成,但是也可以表示相对模糊的时间概念,而不表示完成。
在语态上,及物动词的过去分词表示被动。
What‘s the language spoken in that country? 那个国家讲的是什么语言?(不表示完成)
Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology. (表示完成)
由于在农村出生并长大,他对生物很感兴趣。 Ⅲ. 过去分词的句法功能小结:
过去分词相当于形容词和副词,所以在句子中只用作表语、定语、补足语和状语。 1. 作定语
1)过去分词作定语,其逻辑主语一般是所修饰词,而且与所修饰词是被动关系,如果是不及物动词的过去分词,只表示过去。
The play put on by Class One was a big success. 一班表演的戏很成功。(戏已经被演)
His grandfather is sweeping up the fallen leaves in the yard. (已经落的叶子)
他爷爷正在院子里清扫落叶。
The returned student has been offered a position in my company. (已经回来的学生)
我们公司已经提供给那个归国留学生一个职位。
The boy took the newly laid eggs to his grandmother. (已经被下的蛋) 男孩儿把刚下的鸡蛋拿给他奶奶。 2)有时单一的过去分词也放在所修饰词后,这时所修饰词可能是不定代词,或为了强调。但有时过去分词作前置定语或后置定语意义不同。
There is almost nothing changed since I left the town two years ago. 自从我两年前离开这个镇以来,几乎没有什么变化。 They didn‘t allow us to make the alterations suggested. 他们不允许我们进行所建议的修改。
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