从纽马克的交际翻译和语义翻译角度论英语新闻的翻译(8)

　　Here, “proffering a velvet glove clutching a closed wallet” involves that Bush posed to be generous, but in fact he did not like to spend money on citizens.

　　(2) Metonymy is a figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated. It is used in journalistic English to save space, avoid repetition as well as enhancing language images and expressive effects. For instance:

  　“Chinese doesn’t agree to apply to the sword to solve the Gulf      Crisis.”

　　“中国人民不主张用武力解决海湾危机。”

　　Here “sword” is used instead of “force”.

　　(3) Antithesis is a figure of speech in which sharply contrasting ideas are juxtaposed in a balanced or parallel phrase or grammatical structure. Here is an example:

           Big crime, small cities

               小城，大案

　　“Big” and “small” constitute a sharp contrast between the size of cities and the criminal record, which is intended to call for public awareness. To retain the effect and give the same feeling to Chinese readers, translators can also use a Chinese antithesis, i.e. “小” and “大”.

　　The above examples of handling figures of speech also indicate that the application of communicative translation and semantic translation need be controlled by translators in a flexible way with different amount emphasis on content and form.

Conclusion

　　Each kind of translation practice should have theoretical basis and each translation theory has its distinctive advantage which is much suitable for correspondent text. Compared with other dominant translation theories, the main spirits of Peter Newmark’s communicative translation and semantic translation are well applied to news translation.           According to Newmark, communicative translation conveys the original message in a form that conforms to the linguistic, cultural and pragmatic conventions of TL; semantic translation consequently strives to reproduce the form of the original as closely as TL norms will allow.

　　The criteria also have special requirements to news translation on the basis of the general translation theories. Truthfulness and being esthetically pleasant are two generally accepted criteria for news style to fit for the informative functions of news.

　　The translation of news is really a hard task to fulfill, for journalistic English is quite different from English of other styles, whether on the lexical level or on the tense. Midget words, clipped Words and acronyms are often used in news to make the news more vivid and genuine, at the same time, attract more readers. Tense in English news has already been remarkably different from the conventional grammatical norm.  In order to stretch the immediacy the simple present tense is adopted to indicate past and present. The infinitive is employed to indicate future. Certain literary devices are applied in order to appeal to the readers’ interests.

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