[7]Japan-Measures Affecting Agricultural Products,Panel Report,Oct.27,1998,WTO Doc.WT/DS76/R;and Appellate Body Report,Feb.22,1999,WTO Doc.WT/DS76/AB/R.
[8]Japan-Measures Affecting the Importation of Apples,WT/DS245/AB/R,26 November 2003.
[9]EC Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones),Panel Report,Issued Aug.18,1997,WTO Doc.WT/DS26/R/USA,and Appellate Body Report,Adopted Feb.13,WTO DOC.WT/DS26/AB/R and WT/DS48/AB/R.
[10]European Communities-Measures Affecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products,Report of the Panel,WT/DS291/R,WT/DS292/R and WT/DS293/R,final report issued Sept.29,2006.
[11]Ilona Cheyne,“Gateways to the Precautionary Principle in WTO Law”,19 Journal of Environmental Law(2007),pp.155-172.
[12]Australia-Measures Affecting Importation of Salmon,Panel Report,adopted Nov.6,1998,WTO Doc.WT/DS18/R;and Appellate Body Report,adopted Nov.6,1998,WTO Doc.WT/DS18/AB/R.
[13]See Lawrence A.Kogan,“WTO Ruling On Biotech Foods Addresses‘Precautionary Principle’”,Vol.21 No.38,Legal Backgrounder,Washington Legal Foundation,December 8,2006.http://www.itssd.org/Publications/wto-biotech-foods-dec0806.pdf,2010年5月8日访问。
[14]上诉机构裁定,数量风险评估必须评估疾病输入“概率”(probability)而不只是“可能性”(possibility),且需要广泛地采取如此行动,而非仅仅提供风险的“某种评价”。
[15]风险评估是一个为许多不同学科都在使用的术语,通常指的是界定危险,评判在怎样的情况下,这类危险将给人体健康和环境带来风险,并确定风险对特定人群影响的程度和或然性的过程。通常包括定量风险评估、成本—收益分析、比较风险评估
[16]较典型的法案还有《1969年国家环境保护法案》、《1970年职业卫生与安全法案》、《1976年有毒物质控制法案》等。等。
[17]See,e.g.,Greater Boston Television Corp.v FCC,444 F.2d 841,850-1 (1970).
[18]Ethyl Corporation v EPA,541 F.2d 1,28 (1976).
[19]Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp.v.Natural Resources Defenses Council,Inc.,et al.435 U.S.519 (1978).
[20]Industrial Union Department,AFL-CIO v American Petroleum Institute,448 U.S.607 (1980).
[21]在此案中争论的问题是EPA制定的更为严格的臭氧空气质量标准。DC巡回上诉法院裁定,EPA新的臭氧标准缺乏界限分明的确定性标准,因此没有合理地指出多少排放量才至于健康风险过大。
[22]Whiteman v American Trucking Association Inc,531 U.S.457 (2001).
[23]Baltimore Gas and Electric Company v Natural Resources Defense Council,462 U.S.87 (1983).
[24]See Jacqueline Peel,Riskregulation under the WTOSPS Agreement:Science as an international Normative Yardstick?,Jean Monnet Working Paper 02/04,J.H.Weiler European Union Jean Monnet Chair.http://centers.law.nyu.edu/jeanmonnet/papers/04/040201.pdf,2010年5月8日访问。
[25]2000年发布的关于风险防范原则的欧盟委员会通讯建议,将风险防范原则视作一种风险管理手段,用于实现有关可接受风险水平的政治决议的程序中。See Commission of the European Communities,Commission Communication on the Precautionary Principle,Brus-sels,02.02.2000.
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