英语中的各种从句详解(3)

限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。 3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park.. A. that B. which C. as D. it 答案B.

as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点： (1)as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。

(2)as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。

在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。 As 的用法

例1. the same? as；such?as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和??一样??。 I have got into the same trouble as he (has).

例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常含有'正如'的意思。 As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health.

As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。

6. 介词+关系词

1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。 2）that前不能有介词。

3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的\介词+关系词\结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。

e.g This is the house in which I lived two years ago. This is the house where I lived two years ago.

Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? Do you remember the day when you joined our club?

7. 关系代词that 的用法 1）不用that的情况

a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。

(错) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. b) 介词后不能用。

We depend on the land from that we get our food.(错) 改为：We depend on the land from which we get our food.

We depend on the land that/which we get our food from. 2) 只能用that，不能用which作为定语从句的关系代词的情况

①当先行词是不定代词时,如:all, little, much, none, one, everyone, something, anything, everything, nothing 等。

e.g That’s all that I could do at that time. 那就是我那是所能为你做的全部。 ②当先行词被the only, the very, the same, little, few, no, 等修饰时。 e.g The only thing that I can do is to have a rest.我唯一能做的事情就是休息。 ③当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。

e.g He was the first person that passed the examination.他是第一个通过这个考试的人。 This is the best way that can solve the problem. 这是解决那个问题的最好办法。 ④被修饰词为数词时，只能用that。

e.g Yesterday my mother bought two dogs. Now you can see the two that are playing over there.昨天我妈妈买了两只狗。现在你能看见它们在那边玩。 ⑤主句是there be结构，修饰其主语的定语从句that

e.g There is a book on the desk that belongs to Jack.桌上那本书是杰克的。 ⑥主句是以which 或 who 开头的特殊疑问句时，关系代词只能用 that。 e.g Who is the girl that is talking with Mr. Brown？

⑦如果出现两个或两个以上的先行词，并同时兼指人和物时，关系代词用that。 e.g We are talking about the people and countries that we have visited.

⑧如果两个从句，其中一个关系代词已用which, 另一个关系代词应用that，以避免重复。 e.g He built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.他办了一家工厂，生产过去从未见到的东西。

三．状语从句

副词性从句（状语从句）

状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为十大类，分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较 、方式和程度。 1．时间状语从句

(1)常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till,（ until ）

特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner ? than, hardly ?when, scarcely ? when e.g I didn’t realize how special my mother was until I became an adult. While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.

The children ran away from the orchard (果园) the moment they saw the guard. ①when, while, as引导时间状语从句时的异同

when引导的时间状语从句中的谓语动词既可以是延续性动词，也可以是短暂性动词；从句的动作可以和主句的动作同时发生，也可以先于主句的动作发生，此时相当于after。当when从句谓语动词是延续性动词时，可与while互换。 e.g I often missed my home a lot when I was abroad.. ( =while ) When they came home, I was cooking dinner. (不能用while) When the film ended, people rushed out of the hall. ( =after )

when从句置于主句后面，同时从句中谓语动词又是短暂性动词时，常表示“此时突然……”。

e.g I was walking along the street when I caught sight of a tailor’s shop. He was enjoying his dinner when a loud noise came on the door.

while引导的动作必须是持续性的，强调主句和从句动作的同时发生，有时侧重主句和从句动作的对比。

He took a bath while I was preparing dinner.

as常可与when, while通用，但它较强调主句和从句动作的同时发生，常译作“边……边”也可用来说明两种正在发展和变化的情况，此时常译作“随着”。 e.g He sang happily as he walked along the path. The day gets longer and longer as summer comes.

②until, till引导的时间状语从句

主句谓语动词为延续性动词时，主句和从句都用肯定句式，意为“一直到”，表示主句动作一直延续到until/till从句表示的时间才终止；主句谓语动词为短暂性动词时，主句用否定式，从句用肯定式，意思是“一直到才”，表示主句动作到until/till从句表示的时间才开始。 e.g He worked until/till it was dark. He didn’t work until/till it was dark.

until和till意义相同，通常可换用，但在强调结构、倒装句或句首，一般用until。 e.g I didn’t know about it until/till he told me. It was not until he told me that I knew about it. Not until he told me did I know about it.

③since引导的时间状语从句

since从句中的动词不同，其起算时间也不同。since + 瞬间动词过去时，从该动作发生时起算；since + 延续性动词过去时，从该动作结束时起算。 e.g He has worked very hard since he entered the factory.

(enter为瞬间性动词，该句意为“从他入厂以来，他工作一直非常努力。”) We haven’t seen each other since I worked in the factory.

(work为延续性动词，该句意为“从我不在工厂以来，我们没见过面。”可说成

We haven’t seen each other since I stopped working in the factory.） since常用于It’s + some time + since sb. did sth.结构。试比较： It’s two years since he joined the army. （他参军有两年了。） It’s two years since he was a soldier. （他退役有两年了）

④before和after引导的时间状语从句

before和after表示的时两个时间活两个事件之间的先后关系。Before引导的从句中的动作通常发生在主句动作之后，如果从句时过去时，主句一般要用过去完成时。After引导的从句中的动作通常发生在主句动作之前，如果主句用过去时，从句一般要用过去完成时。 e.g They had got everything ready before I arrived. 我去之前它们准备好了一切。

After he had worked in the factory for five years, he went abroad. 他在这家工厂工作了5年后出国了。

注意：如果不强调时间的先后，或是因为从句中用的时某个状态动词，before和after句子结构中的谓语动词也可以都用一般过去时。

e.g He arrived after the meeting started. 会开完时他来了。

She did not understand me before I explained it to her. 在我解释给她听之前，她一点都不了解。

⑤as soon as等意为“一……就”的时间状语从句的几种不同表达

as soon as表示“一……就”，在表述已发生的动作时，hardly…when, no sooner…than也可表示同样的意思，但主句谓语动词要用过去完成时，从句用过去时，还可转换成倒装结构。 As soon as he saw the policeman, he ran away. = He had hardly seen the policeman when he ran away. = Hardly had he seen the policeman when he ran away. = He had no sooner seen the policeman than he ran away. = No sooner had he seen the policeman than he ran away.

immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the minute, the instant,也可引导时间状语从句，相当于as soon as的意思，用法也与as soon as基本相同。上述句子可转换成： He ran away immediately/directly/instantly he saw the policeman. He ran away the moment/the minute/the instant he saw the policeman.

2．地点状语从句 常用引导词：where

特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere

e.g Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.

Wherever you go, you should work hard.

注意：where引导的状语从句和where引导的定语从句常可转换，判断它属于哪类从句的关键是看where前面有没有被修饰的、表示地点的先行词。试比较： Stand where you are! （状语从句）

Stand at the place where you are! （定语从句）

Bamboo grows best where it’s wet and rainy. （状语从句） Bamboo grows best in places where it’s wet and rainy. （定语从句）

3 原因状语从句

常用引导词：because, since, as, since

特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that ? e.g My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful. Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conference.

①原因状语从句通常由because, since, as引导。because引导的从句可以放在主句前，也可放在主句后面，表示直接的原因或理由，着重点在从句。回答why问句、用于强调结构都用because。

e.g He had to do a part-time job after work because he needed money for his marriage. It was because he lost it that he found it more valuable than ever.

since和as引导的原因从句更多见于句首，表示明显的、已知的事实，语气比because弱， 分别可译作“既然”、“由于”，着重点在主句。

e.g Since you have to stay at home, why don’t you do some shopping on computer?. As the weather is fine, let’s go fishing.

for也可引导表示原因的句子，但它是个并列连词，通常表示一种推测的原因或附加的说明，语气最弱，一般不放在句首，前面常有逗号分隔。 e.g It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.

②now that, seeing that, considering that等也可以引导表示原因的从句, 语气相当于since，常译作“既然”，口语中that可省去。

e.g Now (that) my watch has been sold, what’s the use of the watch chain? Seeing (that) you’re already at the door, I suppose I must invite you inside

4．目的状语从句

常用引导词：so that, in order that

特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that e.g The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.

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