英语论文中常用词汇和短语(6)

的礼节。然而法国人一般却都不大愿意这么做，双方见面寒暄几句，甚至海阔天空地聊一番也就各自走开，只有当双方谈话投机，希望继续交往时，才会主动掏出名片。二话不说先递名片反倒有些不自然。

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各位站友，实在抱歉，我们老师说为提高大家的积极主动性，以下的课件不再给出汉语解释，只剩干巴巴的理论了，大家只能自己揣摩了。或许这样大家印象更深吧。 Unit 4 Translation Skill—Conversion and Reversion（转换法与反译法）

一、 转换法

英语和汉语分属两个不同的语系，两种语言的词汇、语法以及表达方式等迥然不同。因此，在英汉翻译过程中，往往不宜拘泥于原文的词类对号入座地逐词对译，否则常常会使译文生硬别扭。反之，在忠实原文的前提下，根据译语的行文习惯，适当进行词类转换或句子结构的转换，则能使译文通顺达意、自然流畅。 I. 词性的转换

英语多静态，汉语多动态。有时需根据具体情况，将英语中的名词、介词形容词转换成汉语的动词。

Conversion Into Verbs? （转换为汉语动词) 1． Nouns Into Verbs （名词/名词结构转化为动词）

1) This causes local environmental nuisance: damage to crops, fields and serious amount of waste left over at work site.

2) An infrared laser system under development promises the ability to monitor up to several hundred pollutants within a radius of 10 km.

3) Correct co-ordination of the various teams is a prerequisite for success in the w

ork site.

2. Prepositions Into Verbs （介词转化为动词）

1) She skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.

2) She has gained her master’s degree from Harvard’s School of Education and is finally off welfare.

3. Adjectives Into Verbs （形容词转化为动词）

1) Rheumatic and certain infectious diseases are commonly responsible for diseases of the heart valves.

2) Most anesthetics will dissolve in fat readily and some are soluble in water. 3) Such robots are so sophisticated that they are even conscious of temperature change in the surroundings. II. 句子结构的转换

把原文中的一个单词译成汉语的一个分句? 1. 副词译成汉语的一个分句

1) Incidentally, I hope to get better medical treatment in these countries than I can possibly get here in the United States.

2) They，not surprisingly, did not respond at all. 2. 形容词译成汉语的一个分句

That region was the most identifiable trouble spot. 3. 名词译成汉语的一个分句

1) A movie of me leaving that foxhole would look like a shell leaving a rifle. 2) As a secret training base for a revolutionary new plane, it was an excellent site, its remoteness effectively masking its activity. 把原文中的短语译成汉语分句?

1) This political disorder found expression in his book. In the absence of any guiding principle, politics becomes a naked struggle for power.

2) Amid mounting social discontent over inflation, the government leaders have used swift police action to drive home the futility of public protest.

二、 反译法

英语和汉语中往往均可用肯定形式或否定形式表达同一概念。英汉翻译时也常常采用正译法，即以肯定译肯定、以否定译否定（也就是用汉语里的―不‖、―非‖、―无‖、―没（有）‖、―未‖、―否‖等译成英语中的no或not以及一些带有否定词缀的词dis-,un-, in, -less）。譬如，尽管说话的语气常常不尽相同，但人们既可以说某次考试―相当难‖(quite difficult), 也可以说是―不很容易‖( not very easy)。但是，由于英汉表达习惯的巨大差异，正译法有时并非切实可行。这时，英语中的肯定形式可以甚至必须译成汉语中的否定形式，而英语中的否定形式却适宜译作汉语中的肯定形式，这就是―反译法‖，既肯定译成否定，否定译成肯定的翻译方法。例如，英语中的标志用语‖Wet Paint!‖译作―湿的油漆！‖就不符合汉语表达习惯，而应译成―油漆未干！‖

＊I have read your articles, but I expected to meet an older man. ……, 没想到你这么年轻。

? 反译法适用范围很广，它可以应用于动词、形容词、副词、名词、介词、连词、词组、及从句。

1. 动词（短语）

1) Bypass operation seems indicated when intestinal obstructive symptoms fail to respond to medical treatment.

2) I unwrapped the hamburger and surveyed the surrounding scenery. 2. 副词

1) Time is what we want most, but what many use worst.

2) Lost weight safely and forever.

3) There is little question that the House of Windsor has lost much of its luster since the death of Princess Diana in 1997. 3. 形容词

1) The explanation is pretty thin.

2) Etiological factors responsible for this cancer are far from being clear.

3) A judicious North Europe family cultivated friendships both for their own sake and because a large group of people loyal to one another was less vulnerable than a small one. 4. 介词（短语）

It will generally be found that the man who are habitually behind time are as habitually behind success. 5. 名词

Politeness is not always the sign of wisdom, but the want of it always leaves room for the suspicion of folly. 6. 某些固定词组

1) There is no want of opportunities these days.

2) Mental cultivation is nothing else than the satisfactory way in which the mind will function when it is poked up into activity.

3) Nothing illustrates his selfishness more clearly than his behavior to his wife. Nothing …more than 转换为…more than anything ? 含有否定意义的词汇

英语表示否定意义的方式比汉语丰富得多，下列词汇常常译成汉语的否定：

1. 名词：failure, lack, free, far from, omission, absence, ignorance, exclusion, scarcity

2. 形容词（短语）missing, ignorant, free from, far from, short of , blind to 3. 连词：unless, before, until, than, or, but that, more than

4. 介词（短语）but, without, except, beyond, instead of, anything but

采取诅咒和感叹的方式表示否定往往语气非常强烈，常用词汇有：devil, the hell,? damn, dead

1) I will be damned if I go.

2) I’ll see you dead before that happens！

? 双重否定

双重否定就是在一个句子中同时使用两个否定词，或者使用一个否定词和一个含有否定意义的词或短语。双重否定的语言现象在汉语和英语中都存在，如：*

No one who returned from the front failed to express admiration for Doctor Bethune whenever his name was mentioned and none remained unmoved by his spirit. 凡是从前线回来的人，提起白求恩的名字，没有一个不佩服，没有一个不为他的精神所感动。 （***―纪念白求恩‖）

有时译成肯定句更符合汉语的表达习惯，如：

1) Mild edema is not uncommon in normal pregnancy

2) No one who strolls through the Egyptian galleries of a museum can fail to be struck by multitude of divinities who attract attention of all sides.

Unit 1 Introduction

I.Definition of Translation （翻译的定义）

American Eugene Nida: Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of

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