英语论文中常用词汇和短语(3)

Unit 5 Translation Skill—Omission(减词法)

减词法与增词法相对。原文中有些词语在译文中不必显示出来，因为译文中虽无此词，但已有其意。换言之，减词法是减去一些可有可无的，或者有了反而啰嗦，或违背译文语言习惯的词语。减词法一般用于以下两种情况：一是从语法角度进行减省；二是从修饰角度进行减省。

The time-keeping devices of electronic watches are much more accurate than those of mechanical ones. I. 从语法角度进行减省

? 由于英汉句法上的差异，英语句法上所必需的一些表达某种句法关系或语法功能的词语，其表意作用不大或无表意作用，译成汉语时往往省译。 1. 省略连词

1) If the rise of blood pressure occurs with some other diseases, it is called secondary hypertension.

2) The most valuable advice which can be given to a patient with a cold is that he should keep warm and take much water and go to bed if the fever is high. ? 注意当and连接句子时，不仅可翻译成汉语的并列句：并且、而且、还可翻译成汉语的偏正复句：因而、所以、虽然……但（是）等

1) The pulse is rapid, the temperature may be as high as 39℃, and there may be shortness of breath.

2) In the other two cases, operation was refused and it was impossible to decide whether cancer was the cause of death.

* They loved each other and there is no love lost between them.

* Anthrax was not known in the area at the time, or if it was, wasn’t thought to be

of any consequence by the local tribes, and went unmentioned. 2. 省略代词

1) Dr. Stevenson resumed this experiment as soon as he came into the laboratory. I washed my face.

2) He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing. * 汉语物主代词的使用往往有特殊的含义，可以表示其他所属关系，强调或不耐烦、不满情绪等。

她开他的车去。（其他所属关系） 让他们散布他们的谣言去。（不满情绪）

? 当one、 we、 they、 you用作泛指代词时infinitive pronoun，通常可以省略。 3) To really appreciate Italian painting, one should see it in Italy. 4) It is dead quiet and pitch dark in the outer space.

5) It was Pasteur who discovered that diseases are caused by living germs. 6) Most of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history books are great conquerors and generals and soldiers. 3. 省略介词

? 省略表示时间的介词

表示时间的英语介词译成汉语时，如果置于句首一般可以省略，若出现在句尾大多不省略。 1) The people’s Republic of China was founded in 1949. 2) Rumor had it that hostilities were to begin on April 23.

3) Newton, theoretical physicist and mathematician, was born in 1642. ? 省略表示地点的介词

同表示时间的介词类似，表示地点（包括位置、场所等）的介词译成汉语时若置于句首，也经常可以省略，若出现在句尾大多不省略。 1) Smoking is not allowed in the store-house.

2) She hid behind the door. 3) Mount the meter on that panel. 4. 省略同义词

有些同义词连用，表示强调，或对前词提供解释，可译出其中一个即可。 1) He is a man of culture and learning.

2) The liver, or hepar, is the largest of the glandular organ of the body. II. 冗词赘语的省略

原文中有些词语是不言而喻的，如果将这些词语全盘照译往往会形成不必要的冗言赘语。因此，根据汉语的修辞规范常常需要将这些词省略，以便使译文更加简洁洗练。 1) Stainless steels possess good hardness and high strength.

2) Job hunters who worked at a job will receive preference over those who have not.

3) There was no snow. The leaves were gone from the trees. The grass was dead.

4) We take this opportunity to inform you that we are now in a position to make prompt shipment of the merchandise.

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Unit 6 Translation Skill----Translation Methods of Complex Sentences (难句长句

译法)

I. 定语从句的翻译方法? 前置

通常把较短的定语从句译成带―的‖字的前置定语。

1) Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore. 2) Body movements are due to the action of the muscles that are attached to the bones. ? 后置

在英语中定语从句总是在所修饰的名词后面，而汉语中定语一般在所修饰的名词前面。如果英语的从句过于复杂、冗长，放在所修饰的名词前，汉语句子会显得臃肿，不通顺，这时就可以把定语从句放在所修饰的名词后面来翻译，译成汉语的并列分句。由于定语从句中的连接词通常在从句中充当句子成分，所以可用重复先行词，或用代词及―该、其、每‖等字样代替先行词的方法引出汉语的并列分句。

1) This is a medical university, the students of which are trained to be medical workers.

2) One major concern is the rise of managed health care and its accompanying decreases in clinical earnings, which have traditionally helped to subsidize the coasts of medical education. ? 融合

即把主句和从句融合成一个简单句，其中定语从句中的谓语变成了译文句子的谓语。 There is a man downstairs who wants to see you.

2）In recent years , many discoveries have been made which greatly facilitate the study of medicine. ? 状译

有些定语从句在意义上与主句有状语关系，表明原因、结果、目的、让步、假设等，这时需弄清其与主句的逻辑关系，将它们翻译成汉语各种相应的分句。

1) A driver who is driving the bus mustn’t talk with others or be absent-minded. 2) The disease, which may occur at any age, is most frequent in early adult life. 3) He is collecting authentic material that proves his argument.

II. 同位语从句的翻译方法

一般来说，同位语从句可直接放在主句后面翻译，或将其放在所修饰的名词前面，相当于前置的定语，但不一定使用定语的标志―的‖。还可通过增加―即、以为、这样、这个事实是‖等字样，或用冒号、破折号直接翻译。

Behaviorists say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.

III. 状语从句的翻译方法? 时间状语从句

由于时间状语的引导词除了显示时间关系外，有时可以表示条件关系，所以还可以翻译成条件句。

1) Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine.

2) Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more ―unnatural food‖.

原因状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句? 大多数可放在主句前

1) The crops failed because the season was dry. 2) While we cannot see the air, we can feel it. 目的状语从句和结果状语从句大多数可按原文语序顺译?

Home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage.

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