英语论文中常用词汇和短语

英语论文中常用词汇和短语

差别gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies，no intergroup difference No statistically significant differences in survival were found for MMC or MPMA. AlthoughMMC and MPMA decreased with increasing nuclear grade and TNM stage,this difference failed to achieve statistical significance.

存在，出现occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, present

多数，少数the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ，a marked majority, handful

方法approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools 发生率Incidence, frequency, prevalence

In contrast with regions of high incidence, the mutation spectrum did not show a high prevalence of mutations at A:T base pairs.

发现，阐明，报道，证实verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize,clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate,illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal,display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply,disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of ，screening，isolation 改变change, alteration,

高，增加high, enhanced, elevated, increased, forced

各种，多种in multiple types of neoplasia, in various types of apoptosis, in a variety of tumors

关系，相关，参与closely involved in, associated, 广泛的in an extensive survey 进行conducte， perform, carry out,

降，少，缺decrease, reduction, reduced, diminish, loss, suppression,deficient, low, weak, faint, light, absence, absent, undetectable, lack,defective, negative,poor,impaired, greatly reduced or completelyabsent, frequently lost or down-expressed, presented discontinuous andweaker expression, completely negative, was not detectable ordramatically reduced, very faint, was undetectable or barelydetectable, no expression was found,

角色，起作用role, part （limited, potential, early, possible role），serve antiapoptotic func

tions

可能性feasibility 密切地intimately

难理解的，似谜的enigmatic (x remains enigmatic) 潜在假定的potential, candidate, putative, 缩写abbreviations 识别，辨别discernment 事件

Metastasis to the liver is a common event in clinical oncology. a putative tumor initiating event

a (more, extremely, highly, rather, fairly) common initial,

a common event in the signal transduction mechanisms of, in the signal transduction processes

a common event associated with the mechanisms of

a common early event in responses of, after high-dose chemotherapy a common event following gestational exposure to immunotoxicants a common event （that occurs） during apoptosis is……

acommon event during oncogenic transformation, in neoplastictransformation that directly or indirectly involves activation ofspecific tyrosine kinase signaling pathways a common event through which a common event in vivo

a rather common event of unknown biological significance a common event resulting from heterogeneous aberrations

a common event regardless of histological subtyping, but does not bear any pejorative significance

a common event contributing to

arare, common, prerequisite, central, major, transient, initiation,stressful, critical, crucial, secondary, independent, regulatory,early, earlier, late, later, subsequent, circumstantial, untoward,upstream, irreversible, very frequent event

提供，帮助provide, supply, help (to), contribute to, offer, allow, dedicate, devote, assist in 调节（失调，上调，下调）dis-regulation, dys-regulation, up-regulation, up-expression, over-

expression, down-expression, down-regulation,

推测 presume,speculate ,confer, conjecture ,guess, deduce，deduction (推论) 无所不在地(表达，如MEN1)ubiquitously

显著,优先的prominent, pronounced, obvious, marked, predominant, strong,striking ,notable, Conspicuously, remarkably，significant, preferential,prevalence, prevalent, 相关性

related, more relevant with ，the relevance of no intergroup difference，irrespective of

There was no significant correlation to gender, age, clinical symptoms, histology, T or N status, TNM stage, or tumor location.

Neither eNOS nor nNOS expression was associated with vascular density, tumor grade or the TNM status of the tumors.

No correlations were found between bFGF and age, menopausal status, TNM or pTNM, histology, SBR grading or steroid receptors.

wedid not find any correlation between bax expression and anyclinicopathologic parameters (sex, age, TNM status, tumor grade,histological type). 相同，同等并列

The coordinated induction of all three FOXO3a targets prompted us to examine the status of FOXO3a itself with a similar pattern to 协同，加强 synergize with

研究analysis, survey, study, research, investigation, experiments, trial,observations, assessment, inquiry, examinations ,pursue investigationinto, analyze, detect, determinate, be focused on, measure, examine,test, assess, evaluate, explore, 一致

which is in accord with the results which corroborated the results which supported the results

优缺点merits and drawbacks，beneficial and detrimental

异常aberration, abnormality

重要crucial, key, important, major, be of critical importance 相反

On the contrary, In contrary,

but quite on the contrary in sharp contrast,

contrary to what would be expected Contrary to the expectation that Contrary to previous beliefs, Contrary to the hypothesis, Contrary to current popular truisms Contrary to current cognitive theories, However, contrary to expectation,……. Contrary to predictions,…

in contrast to previous observations… Contrary to prediction,…… Contrary to most previous claims, 与一起in combination with, coupled with 由于、鉴于 In light of In view that

常用翻译技巧 转自[译天下]

英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中，也可以

运用于口译过程中，而且应该用得更加熟练，因为口译工作的特点决定了译员没有更多的时间进行思考。

1. 增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或'There be…'结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。如：

（1）What about calling him right away?

马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何？ （增译主语和谓语）

（2）If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations. 要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊！（增译主句） (3) Indeed, the reverse is true 实际情况恰好相反。（增译名词）

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