英语论文参考文献格式写法（超详版）

Learning Advice Centre

Learning Skills Help Sheet Referencing is an important part of any piece of academic writing. References provide evidence that you have read key theories and ideas in order to develop knowledge of your subject. They also show a courtesy to the original author of these theories or ideas and allow the reader (your tutor) to distinguish between what you have read and your own ideas, interpretations and conclusions. Incorrect or bad referencing in your work will be interpreted as plagiarism which is a serious academic offence that will result in disciplinary action. Referencing & Bibliographies How to reference The two most common systems for citing references are the Harvard system (also called the author/date system) and, for law students or in dissertations, the numeric system. Different subject areas use slight variations of these systems (and other systems do exist) so you must consult your course/module handbook for clarification of the specific conventions that you are expected to use within your subject area(s).

References need to appear in two places:

1. within the body of your writing include: author’s surname, year of publication and, if quoting, the exact page number from which the quote is taken;

2. in the bibliography include at least: author’s surname, initial(s), year of publication, title of text/chapter, edition, publisher & place of publication; see page 3 for specific details that apply to referencing different sources. There are two ways in which you can reference, or cite, another person's work:

a) by paraphrasing; this shows you have fully interpreted what you have read - see

Learning Skills Help Sheet on How to Paraphrase;

1.1 References within the body of the text - Harvard System

b) by quoting directly; follow with a comment to show relevance/understanding

If the direct quotation is more than two lines, you should indent it as a separate paragraph e.g.:

As Cottrell (2003, p.148) points out

“Our views of what is ‘intelligent’ can prevent us from developing our minds to their full potential. People who feel they are ‘not very bright’ or ‘not very

creative’ probably will fulfil that estimation of themselves. On the other hand, positive thinking and constructive mental activity develop the mind.” Citing secondary sources:

If you are referencing a work cited by the author of the text you are reading, you should cite the original work as being within a secondary source i.e. what you have read, not what the writer of the book you are reading has read, using the following method:

According to De Bono (1994, cited in Cottrell, 2003, p.148), “clever people are often hampered by their apparent intelligence in two ways:” they are good at

arguing and defending their point of view; they indulge in negative criticism which is a quick, easy and dramatic way of proving someone wrong.

Cont'd ?

You can make an appointment with the Learning Advisor if you wish to receive more individual advice on your independent learning skills. Email m.oconor@westminster.ac.uk or phone 020 7911 5000 ext. 2364.

Learning Advice Centre Learning Skills Help Sheet 1.2 Referencing within the body of text - Numeric System The exact same rules and principles apply to paraphrasing and quoting however, rather than inserting the author surname and year of publication within the text, a superscripted number is inserted at the end of the paraphrase or quote, and the reference appears as a footnote at the bottom of the page e.g.:

There were many changes in the British diet in the period after 1870. Fruit became more common, especially in the form of fruit jam. Even the fish-and-chip shop dates from the same period.1

Referencing & Bibliographies

(Note: See bottom of this page for associated footnote.)

To insert footnotes using Word, click on the place in your document where you want to insert the footnote.

Then click on the Insert menu, select Reference, then click on Footnote.

Another window will then open that will allow you to format the footnotes manually, if you require.

Once the footnote has been inserted in the text and it appears at the bottom of the page, click next to the number at the bottom to add the reference details: author surname, initial(s), publication year, title of work/article, page number, etc.

Once you have referenced an author for the first time using the numeric system you do not have to repeat that same reference in full again. If the same work is referenced consecutively on the same page use:

ibid. = (from the Latin ‘ibidem’, meaning ‘the same’) or

op.cit. = (from the Latin ‘opere citado’ meaning ‘in the work already cited’)

If the same work is referenced on another page, list the author’s surname, initials and date of publication again followed by op.cit. and the page number.

Different page numbers for the citations you use must be listed with each footnote (see example below).2

Hobsbawm, H., (1990), The Eating Habits of the British People, p. 162 2

ibid., p. 163

1

Cont’d ?

You can make an appointment with the Learning Advisor if you wish to receive more individual advice on your independent learning skills. Email m.oconor@westminster.ac.uk or phone 020 7911 5000 ext. 2364.

Learning Advice Centre Learning Skills Help Sheet Referencing & Bibliographies cont’d 2. References in the bibliography All sources referred to in your essay must be listed in alphabetical order according to the author’s surname (NEVER first name) in the bibliography using the correct formatting as follows:

Books

Heinz, E., (2000), A History of Baked Beans, Arnold, London

If there are two authors you must list both authors’ names e.g.:

Heinz, E., and McDonald, R., (2001), A History of Baked Beans, Arnold, London If there are more than two authors, name the first author followed by ‘et al’ (Latin meaning ‘and others’) e.g.:

Heinz, E., et al., (2002), The Bean and Other Legumes, Routledge, New York If the book has more than one edition, you must state which edition you have used e.g.:

Heinz, E., and McDonald, R., (2006), A History of Baked Beans, (2nd Ed.), Arnold, London

An article in a book

Johnson, S., (1998a), The Cornflake in History, In: Jennings, N., (Ed.) Food for Thought, Edinburgh University Press, UK

Journal articles

Johnson, S., (1998b), ‘Deconstructing the pre-millennial diet: Special K and postmodernism’, Cultural Studies 11, 1: pp.32–44

This means that an article by Sarah Johnson called ‘Deconstructing the pre-millennial diet: Special K and postmodernism’ was published in the journal Cultural Studies, volume 11, number 1, on pages 32 to 44. This issue of the journal was published in 1998.

Where you have referenced two or more separate works by the same author that were published in the same year, add alphabetical notation after the publication year in both the text and bibliography to distinguish between the works. (See examples above.)

E-journal articles

Jimenez, R., (2003), ‘Sex Differences in L2 Vocabulary Learning Strategies’, International Journal of Applied Linguistics 13, 1, pp.54-77, [online], available from: http://uk2.csa.com/htbin/ids63/procskel.cgi [Accessed 13/10/2006]

For e-journals/books you must state that it is an online resource, cite the URL and include the date you accessed it at the end in addition to including the journal volume/number and the publication year, as above.

Cont’d ?

You can make an appointment with the Learning Advisor if you wish to receive more individual advice on your independent learning skills. Email m.oconor@westminster.ac.uk or phone 020 7911 5000 ext. 2364.

Learning Advice Centre Learning Skills Help Sheet Referencing & Bibliographies Articles from the internet: Treat Internet articles exactly as you would a book or journal. It is never acceptable just to use ‘Internet’ as the source or to only cite the URL. Wherever possible identify the author and, if possible, use the name of the website page as the article/chapter title and state the date you accessed the site e.g.:

Holmes, A., (2000), Greenpeace wins media war, [online], available from:

http://www.independent.co.uk/international/green25.htm [Accessed 25/10/2006].

If you cannot find & state the author’s name, use the name of the organisation, e.g.:

BBC, (2007), Northern Ireland: The Troubles, [online], available from:

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/recent/troubles/the_troubles_article_01.shtml [Accessed 30/04/2007].

Newspaper articles

List the writer’s surname and initial(s), year of publication, title of article, title of newspaper followed by the full date of publication, section of the paper and page number, e.g.:

Ratner, C., (2000), ‘Magazine sparks love feud’, The Independent, 10 October 2000, Thursday Review: p.14

Reference to a Thesis

List the surname, initials, year, title, type of thesis, name of institution submitted to:

Smith, J., (2005), Linguistic Significance of Teenage Slang in the UK, (PhD), University of Westminster

TV Programmes

Following the series title list the number and title of the episode, year, transmitting channel followed by the full date and time, if known, of transmission.

Venice, Episode 4; Death, (2004), BBC 2, 12/12/2004

Contributions in Programmes

Individual speakers or contributors to programmes should be referenced by name followed by year, programme title, channel and date of transmission e.g.:

Brown, G., (2007), Live Treasury Questions, BBC Parliament, 29/03/2007

DVD/Video

List the title, year of production, format, Director’s name, production place and organisation, e.g.:

Dogma, (1999), VHS, Directed by Kevin Smith, View Askew

Cont’d ?

You can make an appointment with the Learning Advisor if you wish to receive more individual advice on your independent learning skills. Email m.oconor@westminster.ac.uk or phone 020 7911 5000 ext. 2364.

Learning Advice Centre

Learning Skills Help Sheet Referencing & Bibliographies cont’d Using RefWorks RefWorks is a very handy online tool that, with correct use, enables you to: o create a database of reading lists that can be organised into folders o create a bibliographic list that can be imported into your word document

To log in to RefWorks use your Athens username and password.

NOTE: before you start to use RefWorks it is highly advisable that you either look at the guidance on the library home page http://www.wmin.ac.uk/page-611 or work through the online tutorials. RefWorks is not a tool that can be learned in 5 minutes and used as a last minute quick fix if you are behind on an assignment.

Remember, as with any assignment, you should ensure that once you have imported your bibliography you edit and format it to match your departmental protocol; bibliographical information created using RefWorks may be formatted in an alternative way.

References:

Cottrell, S., (2003), Skills for Success; The Personal Development Planning Handbook, Palgrave Macmillan, UK

Holland, M., (2006), Citing References, Academic Services, Bournemouth University, http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/library/citing_references/docs/Citing_Refs.pdf

You can make an appointment with the Learning Advisor if you wish to receive more individual advice on your independent learning skills. Email m.oconor@westminster.ac.uk or phone 020 7911 5000 ext. 2364.

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