see, hear, feel, find, think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词. I saw the students assembled in the hall. We found her greatly changed.
make, get, have, keep等表示”致使”意义的动词: I have my hair cut every ten days. She got her bad tooth pulled out.
Please keep us informed of the latest developments.
like, want, wish, order等表示希望, 要求, 命令等意义的动词: I don’t want any of you (to be) involved in the scandal.
He won’t like such questions (to be) discussed at the meeting. c) 过去分词短语常用作状语, 修饰谓语, 很多都说明动作发生的背景或情况. Guided by these principles, they went on with the work,
Delighted with her work, they made her the general manager.
过去分词短语也可作状语表示原因, 相当于一个表示原因的状语从句. Influenced by his example, they performed countless good deeds.
有时也可说明动作发生的时间, 相当于一个表示时间的状语从句.
This method, tried in areas near Shanghai, resulted in a marked rise in total production.
间或也可表示一个假设的情况, 相当于一个条件从句. Given closer analysis, we can see this is totally wrong.
偶尔也可用来代替一个“让步”状语从句.
Picked 20 years a year, it grows tired only after 40 or 50 years. d) 独立结构: 在用分词短语作状语时, 它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一.致. 但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语, 这种结构称为独立结构, 一般表示一种伴随的动作或情况. He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.
有时可以表示时间:
Late that autumn, his work finished, he prepared to return to his institute.
表示原因:
Her eyes dimmed with tears, she did not see him enter.
条件:
All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.
Ⅲ 虚拟语气
1. that从居中: 1) wish, would rather (sooner), had better: I wish I were as strong as you.
I wish I had paid more attention to our pronunciation. I wish I remembered the address.
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I would rather they came tomorrow (you had gone there too). I had rather (that) you told him than I did. 2) suggest, order, demand, propose, command, request, desire, insist 等动词后的宾语从句: The commander ordered that all civilians (should) be evacuated. He asked that he be given an opportunity to try. She urged that he write and accept the post. 3) it is desired, it is suggested, it is requested, it was ordered, it was proposed, it is necessary, it is important, it has been decided 等结构后的主语从句中. It was arranged that they leave the following week It will be better that we meet some other time. 4) suggestion, motion, proposal, order, recommendations, plan, idea等后面的表语从句和同位语从句:
His sole requirement is (was) that thy system be adjusted.
2. 在某些句型中 1) it is time that
It is time that we went (或should go) to bed.
It is high time we (should) put an end to this controversy. 2) as if (though) 引起的从句:
They talked (are talking) as if they had been friends for years. It seems as if it was (were) spring today.
He acts (acted) as if (though) he were (was) an expert. 3) 以lest, for fear that 和 in case 引起的从句(这时谓语多用 should +动词原形): He took his raincoat with him lest it should rain.
He put his coat over the child for fear that (或lest) he should catch cold. I’ll keep a seat for you in case you should need it. 4) 以whatever, whoever, no matter what这类代词或词组引起的从句(这时, 谓语多用may加动词原形构成):
Whatever defects he may have, he is an honest man. Come what may, we will go ahead. 不管发生什么情况, 我们都要干下去. I accept that he is old and frail; be that as it may, he’s still a good politician. 我承认他年老体衰, 然而尽管如此, 它仍是优秀的政治家.
3. 条件句 1) 虚拟条件句主要有下面两类: a) 表示现在及将来情况(表示纯然假设或实现的可能性不大的情况):
谓语主要形式如下(be多用were这个形式): 从句 主句 过去式 would + 动词原形
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If I were you, I wouldn’t lose heart.
How nice it would be if you could stay a bit longer. b) 表示过去情况的虚拟条件句(与事实完全相反的假设情况), 谓语主要形式如下:
从句 主句 had + 过去分词 would have + 过去分词
She would have come if we had invited her.
If I hadn’t taken your advice, I would have made a bad mistake, You wouldn’t have caught cold if you had put on more clothes. 2) 有时候, 条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作, 发生的时间是不一致的(如一个是过去发生的, 一个是现在发生的). 这时, 动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整. 这种句子可以称为错综时间条件句.
If he had received six more votes, he would be our chairman now.
If we hadn’t got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow. 3) 有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示, 而是通过一个介词短语来表示. Without music, the world would be a dull place.
We could have done better under more favorable conditions. That would have been considered miraculous in the past. But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier. 4) 如果条件句从句中包含有 were, had, should 或could, 有时可把if省略掉, 并把were, had, should或could放在主语前面.
Had we made adequate preparation, we might have succeeded. Should there be a flood, what should we do?
Were it not for their assistance, we would be in serious difficulty.
Ⅳ 介词 1. 合成介词和复杂介词 1) 合成介词: inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon within, without 2) 复杂介词: according to, along with, apart from, as for, as to, because of, by means of, in front of, in spite of, instead of, in accordance with, on account of, on behalf of, owing to, due to, together with, up to, with regard to, prior to等 2. 介词在句末:
This is what he is interested in. Does everyone has a seat to sit on? 3. 名词加介词 ( n + prep) 1) 某些名词之后要求用某些介词: solution to, faith in, glance at, need for 2) 某些名词之前要求用某些介词: on one’s guard, at one’s request, in all probability, to my delight
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4.
动词加介词
1) Vi + prep: prevail on, appeal to, fall into, apply for, touch upon 2) Vt + O + prep: lay emphasis on, take advantage of等 3) Vi + adv + prep:
I don’t wish to break in on your thoughts. The family came up against fresh problems.
You’re not telling me the whole story. You’re holding out on me. She got off with him soon after she began to work at the institution. 4) Vt + O + adv +prep:
You shouldn’t take your resentment out on me.
We shouldn’t put the shortage down to bad planning. 5. 形容词加介词
about --- anxious, careful, careless, certain, considerate, enthusiastic, guilty, happy, mad, particular, sad, sure, timid, unhappy, etc
at --- awkward, bad, clever, disappointed, disgusted, good, marvellous, quick, skilful, skilled, useless, weak, etc
for --- convenient, eligible, grateful, homesick, hungry, necessary, noted, perfect, responsible, etc from --- evident, exempt, inseparable, safe, tired, etc
in --- deficient, expert, liberal, quick, rich, successful, weak, etc
of --- apprehensive, characteristic, critical, destructive, envious, hard, inconsiderate, impatient, dependent, jealous, positive, scared, sensible, short, sick, suspicious, typical, worthy, etc on --- dependent, keen, intent, etc
to --- acceptable, accessible, agreeable, alive, attentive, blind, comparable, courteous, deaf, destructive, essential, favourable, hostile, indifferent, married, obedient, parallel, preferable, related, responsible, sensitive, suitable, unjust, etc
with --- awkward, bored, careful, disappointed, generous, identical, ill, impatient, popular, sick, wrong, etc
Ⅴ 连词 1. 并列连词 1) 表示意义的引申: and, both…and, not only…but(also), as well as, and …as well, neither…nor 2) 表示选择: or, either…or 3) 表示转折: but, while, whereas, yet, however/nevertheless(也可认为是副词) 4) 表示因果: for, so, therefore, hence 2. 从属连词 1) 表示时间: when, while, as, after, before, since, until(till), as soon as, once 2) 表示原因: because, as, since, now that, seeing that 3) 表示条件: if, unless, in case, provided(that), suppose, as long as, on condition (that), 4) 表示其他关系: (al)though, than, as/so…as, lest, in order that, so…that
Ⅵ 定语从句 1. 限制和非限制性定语从句: 限制性定语从句是名词词组不可缺少的一个组成部分, 去掉
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了会造成病句或意义不明确; 非限制性定语从句属于补充说明性质, 去掉了不会影响主要意义, 通常用逗号与它的先行词分开.
The boys who wanted to play football were disappointed when it rained. The boys, who wanted to play football, were disappointed when it rained.
如果定语从句的先行词是专有名词, 或是带有形容词性物主代词(my, his, etc)或形容词性指示代词(this, that, etc)作限定词, 其后的定语从句通常都是非限制性的: Mary Smith, who is in the corner, wants to meet you.
Her mother, who had long suffered form arthritis, died last night.
All these books, which have been donated by visiting professors, are to be used by the postgraduates.
在非限制性定语从句中只能用who/whom指人, 用which指物,通常不用that替代. My father, who had been on a visit to America, returned yesterday.
All the books, which had pictures in them, were sent to the little girl. 2. 定语从句的引导词 1) that, who, whom: 非限制性定语从句, 如果修饰人, 一般用who, 有时用that (作主语时用who较多). 如果关系代词在从句中作宾语, 就应当用宾格 whom 或that, 但在大多数情况下都可以省略掉, 在口语中可用who代替whom. Here is the man (whom) you’ve been looking for. He is a man (that) you can safely depend on.
The people (who/that) you were talking to were Swedes. There are some people here who I want you to meet.
但在介词后只能用whom:
This is the man to whom I referred.
但在口语中一般都把介词放到句子后面去, 这时可用that, 但省略时更多一些. Have you met the person about whom he was speaking? Have you met the person (that) he was speaking about
The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.
The girl (who/that) I spoke to is my cousin. 2) 限制性定语从句如果修饰“物”, 用关系代词that的时候较多, 也有时用which.. 当这个代词在从句中是用作宾语时, 在绝大多数情况下都是省略的, 特别是口语中(尤其是当被修饰的词是all, everything等词时): Have you everything you need? (Is there) anything I can do for you? All you have to do is to press the button.
在介词后只能用which, 在口语中一般都把介词放到从句后部去, 这时可以用that, 但省略的时候更多一些:
The tool with which he is working is called a wrench. The tool (that) he is working with is called a wrench.
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