Visions of Utopia in Daniel Defoe

Visions of Utopia in Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe

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\(Stockton 2321). It dared to challenge the political, social, and economic status of his time. By depicting the Utopian environment in which was created in the absence of society, Defoe criticizes the political and economic aspect of England's society, but is also able to show the narrator's relationship with nature in a vivid account of the personal growth and development that took place while stranded in solitude. Crusoe becomes %universal representative, the person, for whom every reader could substitute himself\(Coleridge 2318). \Defoe persuades us to see remote islands and the solitude of the human soul. By believing fixedly in the solidity of the plot and its earthiness, he has subdued every other element to his design and has roped a whole universe into harmony\

“丹尼尔笛福实现了文学的不朽的时候，1719四月，他出版了《鲁滨孙漂流记》（斯托克顿2321）。他敢于挑战他时代的政治、社会和经济状况。笛福批判了英国社会的政治和经济方面，并通过对社会的政治和经济方面的描述，在一个生动的叙述中展现了与自然的关系，并在孤独中滞留在了孤独中。他成为“普遍的代表人，因为每一个读者可以代替自己”（柯勒律治2318）。”因此，笛福让我们看到遥远的岛屿和人类灵魂的孤独。相信固定在情节和土质坚固，他已经征服了其他所有元素，他的设计和拉拢一整个宇宙和谐”（伍尔夫2303）。

A common theme often portrayed in literature is the individual vs. society. In the beginning of Robinson Crusoe , the narrator deals with, not society, but his family's views on how he was bound to fail in life if his parents' expectations of him taking the family business were not met. However, Defoe's novel was somewhat autobiographical. \Defoe wrote was intimately connected with the sort of life he led, with the friends and enemies he made, and with the interests of natural to a merchant and a Dissenter\(Sutherland 2). These similarities are seen throughout the novel. \father...gave me serious and excellent counsel against what he foresaw was my design,\parents. Unlike Crusoe, however, Defoe printed many essays and papers that rebelled against the government and society, just as Aldous Huxley, author of Brave New World, did in England by depicting society languishing in social malaise (Marowski 231). It were these writings that eventually got Defoe charged with libel and imprisoned (DIScovering Authors). In Defoe's life it was the ministry that his father wanted him to pursue (Sutherland 2), but, instead, Defoe chose to become a tradesman (DIScovering Biography). The depth of the relationship between Crusoe and his parents in the book was specifically not elaborated upon because his parent's become symbolic not only of all parents, but of society. In keeping this ambiguous relationship, Defoe is able to make Crusoe's abrupt exodus much more believable and, thus, more humane. The reader, in turn, supports Crusoe's decisions even though \the rising tide of individualism\

boom in England in 1962 in what he would go on to say shaped Robinson Crusoe (Sutherland xi). 文学中经常被描绘的一个共同主题是个人与社会。在<<鲁滨孙漂流记>>开始，叙述者的处理，不是社会，而是他家的意见，他会如果他的父母期望他以家族企业并没有在生活中遇见失败。然而，笛福的小说有点自传。”笛福所写的是他领导的排序与生活紧密相连，与他做了朋友和敌人，并与自然利益的商人和一个持不同政见者”（萨瑟兰2）。这些相似性在整个小说中都被看到。”我的父亲?给我严重的和优秀的律师对他所预见的是我的设计，说：”他（笛福8-9）。喜欢他，笛福也背叛了自己的父母。不像他，但是，笛福的许多文章和文件打印，违背了政府和社会，正如奥尔德斯赫胥黎，勇敢的新世界的作者，并在英国所描绘的社会衰败的社会问题（marowski 231）。这些作品最终被笛福指控诽谤和监禁（发现作者）。在笛福的生活中这是部，他的父亲希望他追求（萨瑟兰2），但是，相反，笛福选择了成为一个商人（发现传记）。书中他和他的父母关系的深度不具体阐述因为父母成为符号不仅所有的父母，但社会。在保持这种暧昧关系，笛福能够让克鲁索的突然出走更可信，因此，更人性化。反过来，读者，支持的决定，尽管他的社会关系是因个人主义”浪潮的兴起（59瓦特）。笛福，太，“沉船经济”在英国的经济繁荣在1962他所要说的形鲁滨孙漂流记（萨瑟兰西）。

In Robinson Crusoe, Defoe uses the tale of a shipwrecked soldier to criticize society. Mainly, the story of Robinson Crusoe is based on a Scottish sailor named Alexander Selkirk who lived alone of the island of Juan Fernandez for over four years until he was rescued (Sutherland 7). In the island setting, Defoe was able to show what is necessary for the formation of a utopian society. This depiction, however, differentiated from later writers such as Huxley who's vision is \classic examination of modern values and utopian thinking\of paradise and makes it a sovereign state. He is king of vale, lord of the country, squire of the manor\(Seidel 10). While politicians argue about the best way to create a \society, Defoe says that the only way that it happens in the presence of everything except people, creating \irony. This was a very controversial topic in England at the time. Many citizens and people of certain religions were being persecuted because of their political beliefs (DIScovering Biography). Defoe, however, believed that religious freedom and political freedom was a right that every member of society should have, so \perhaps inevitable. Defoe was never content to remain for long in the realm of impersonal thought; he had a dangerous way of applying his mind to persons and parties\ 鲁滨孙漂流记>>中，笛福用一个遇难士兵的故事来批判社会。主要的，鲁滨孙的故事是基于一个苏格兰名叫亚力山大塞尔独居的胡安费尔南德兹岛超过四年，直到他获救船员（萨瑟兰7）。在岛上，笛福能够显示出一个乌托邦社会的形成是必要的。然而，这种描绘，从后来的作家，如赫胥黎等人的眼光是“被视为一个经典的现代价值观和乌托邦式的思考”（花232）。（他）把一片天堂，使它成为一个主权国家。他是国王谷，该国主，庄园的乡绅”（赛德尔10）。而政客们争论创造一个“完美的”社会的最佳途径，笛福说，它发生在除了人的存在的唯一途径，创造“第二十二条军规”的讽刺。这是当时英国很有争议的话题。许多宗教的公民和人民被迫害，因为他们的政治信仰（发现传记）。然而，笛福认为宗教自由和政治自由是每个社会成员都应该拥有的权利，所以“他进入政治世界的进入也许是不可避免的”。笛福从不满足于停留在客观的思想境界长；他有一种危险的方式将自己心中的人和当事人（萨瑟兰2）。

In his isolation from the rest of the world, Crusoe is able to create a utopian society that not only he depends on for survival, but it is also dependent on him (Defoe 58). This \

system which was created proved that a utopian environment is possible to create, though easier having only one \Crusoe is living in with nature. \this life I now led was than the wicked, cursed, abominable life I led all the past part of my days\event that Crusoe viewed as being a punishment from God for his sins in the beginning, has really caused the narrator to become \by far better than that in England. \the island, possessed a purity that cannot be duplicated\cared not if I was never to remove from the place where I lived\(Defoe 207) and \lived there..perfectly and completely happy, if any such thing as complete happiness can be formed in a sublunary state\

在他脱离世界，是能够创造一个乌托邦式的社会，不仅是他赖以生存的，但它也取决于他（笛福58）。这一“马克思式”的经济制度，创造了一个乌托邦式的环境是可以创造的，但更容易只有一个“公民”。没有其他人损坏或破坏的和谐，是生活在大自然。”直到现在，我才充分意识到我现在的生活是多么的幸福比LED更邪恶，诅咒，可恶的生活我让过去的一切属于我的天”（笛福113）。笛福描绘它，叙述者的禁闭，即使它是一个事件，他被视为是来自上帝的惩罚，因为他在一开始的罪，确实使叙述者成为“开明”，也使他认识到，他的新的生活远比在英国。”自然状态的漂流生活，在岛上孤独的生活，拥有一个纯不可复制”（派克99），甚至他说，“我不在乎如果我从来没有从我住的地方去”（笛福207）和“我住在那里。完全和彻底快乐，如果任何这样的东西完整的幸福可以在尘世生活中形成的”（笛福217）。

\arise naturally from the situation and the situation is such that it can lead naturally to a complete change in a hero's outlook, and ultimately to a solution of all his problems\island had an effect on Crusoe that went deeper than it becoming solely a tool for his survival. It caused Crusoe to development mentally, physically, and spiritually. \aimless on the sea he does not understand; he ends as a pilgrim crossing a final mountain to enter the promised land\(Hunter 103). It is the confinement of the island that finally makes Crusoe stop running away from his problems and face both his fears and reality (Rousseau 2317). Crusoe learns that by working with his surroundings, rather than loathing in his misfortune, he is able to find and use everything he needs in order to carry out life (Defoe 106). Thus, the island is symbolic of his growth and could be considered the \God and the realization that he could keep himself alive becoming the epitome of \with, and final victory over nature\

“鲁滨孙漂流记，笛福想出了一个情况，需要制定。情节会自然产生的，情况是这样的，它可以导致自然在英雄的面貌彻底改变，最终以他所有的问题的解决方案”（萨瑟兰11）。岛上有一个效果，比单独去漂流成为为自己的生存工具更深。它引起了克鲁索发展精神、身体、和精神上的。”他开始作为一个流浪者，漫无目的的在他不懂海；他结束作为一个朝圣者最后穿越山进入应许之地”（猎人103）。这是禁闭岛的最终使鲁滨逊停止逃避他的问题，面对他的恐惧和现实（卢梭2317）。他学会了用自己的环境下工作，而不是厌恶他的不幸，他能够找到并使用他所需要的一切为了开展生命（笛福106）。因此，该岛是象征他的生长可以被认为是“治疗”，最终使他和上帝都知道他可以让自己活着成为“男人的比赛的缩影，

并最终战胜自然”（霍桑2320）。

Along with the criticism of society, Defoe is able to give symbolism to the objects around Crusoe that support the idea of the creation a utopian environment. The new-grown barley and corn on the island, which Crusoe calls a \and emotional growth that is taking place within himself (Peck 96). These grains, however, were also a main source of food for Crusoe. The idea of the island and Crusoe living with each other and giving to one another in harmony fully supports the idea of a utopian society. It is at this time in the book that Crusoe realizes that he can be dependent upon himself in order to survive. This is also the time in which he realizes that his \really a blessing for all of his party was dead (Defoe 66).

随着社会的批评，笛福能够将象征的物体周围的鲁滨逊，支持创造一个乌托邦式的环境观。新种植的大麦和玉米的岛屿，其中漂流称之为“神童”的本质（笛福80），真的是象征性的精神和情感的成长，是发生在他自己的（派克96）。这些谷物，但也为漂流记的主要食物来源。这个岛，鲁滨逊彼此生活的想法，给彼此和谐完全支持一个乌托邦社会的想法。正是在这个时候，他意识到他可以依靠自己为了生存的书。这也是他意识到自己的“不幸”的一个岛屿上搁浅是真正的祝福，他所有的政党都死了（笛福66）。

The island itself has symbolic significance because it is the physical means which changed Crusoe to stop wandering (Butler 99). The confinement found on the island is what is mostly responsible for the growth in which took place within Crusoe. \acquiring a sense of place, (he) also established a sense of self\that has taken place within Crusoe over the course of his \the universal state of man\essentially changed his whole psyche and made him less of a wanderer, both spiritually and physically, for he found faith in God and no longer was able to aimlessly stray due to the confinement on the island.

岛上有象征意义，因为它是物理手段改变了鲁滨逊停止漂泊（管家99）。禁闭岛上发现的是，增长主要负责发生在漂流记”。通过获取一个地方的感觉，（他）还建立了一个自我意识”（男管家99）。这再次说明，戏剧性的角色变化已经发生在他经过他的“冒险”。一些看到这个“孤独的人”的普遍状态（55瓦）和鲁滨孙的情况下，正是这种孤独，从本质上改变了他的整个心灵，使他少了一个流浪者，精神上和身体上，他找到了对上帝的信仰，再也不能漫无目的地流浪在岛上的约束。

Though Crusoe has developed throughout the novel to except what has become of him, near the end, the reader sees that loneliness has started to take its toll. This is where Crusoe becomes the \contact that he had in society. It was Aristotle who said the man \or has no need because he is sufficient for himself, must be either a beast or a god\Though Crusoe found his island sanctuary to Although Crusoe has created this flawless home, humans are social beings, and need the contact that does not come with living in solitude. The change that took place on the island, essentially, made Crusoe realize that even the utopian experience while isolated is not comparable to that of sharing human emotion and the riddance of loneliness and makes him appreciate it that much more (Novak 77). The utopia suddenly seems more life-like.

虽然他在小说中除了他怎么发达，接近尾声，读者会看到孤独已经开始采取收费。这就是他成为“人类代表”（治2318）。他能够维持生活，但也错过了他在社会中的联系。这是亚里士多德说的人“谁是无法生活在社会，或没有需要，因为他是足够的，必须是一个野兽或上帝”（瓦特53）。虽然他发现他的岛避难所虽然克鲁索创造了这个完美的家，人是社会的人，需要不来生活在孤独的接触。变化发生在岛上，基本上实现了克鲁索即使乌托邦的经验而孤立是没有可比性，人类情感的交流，与孤独了，使他明白它的更多（诺瓦克77）。乌托邦的突然似乎更像生活。

Robinson Crusoe is a \told with modesty, seriousness, and with religious application of events\popularity..... \single book in the history of Western literature has spawned more editions, translations, imitations, continuations, and sequels than Crusoe\view in which Defoe uses enables the reader to experience first-hand the changes that take place within Crusoe while he is on the island. This gives validity to every word and quote in the novel because it is actually the narrator's words. This point of view clearly shows criticism and feeling without being altered by interpretation. It also has the effect of \to claim possession of qualities that we associate with concrete matter rather than with fiction, or the abstract effect in our minds of a certain arrangement of words\

鲁滨孙是一个“故事告诉谦逊、严肃，与事件“宗教应用（笛福7）写成第一人称叙事。这正是引起其无与伦比的人气.....”在西方文学史上的一本书，没有了更多的版本，翻译、模仿、延续和续集比漂流记》（赛德尔8）。语气和观点，笛福通过让读者亲身体验发生在他当他是岛上的变化点。这对小说中的每一个词都是有效的，因为它实际上是一个叙事者的话语。这一点的观点清楚地显示了批评和感觉没有被改变的解释。它还具有“使叙事本身似乎声称拥有的品质，我们与具体的事情，而不是与虚构，或抽象的影响，在我们的思想中的某些安排的话”（男管家185）。

In Robinson Crusoe, the narrator develops to form an optimistic outlook towards an unfortunate situation, and, thus, creates a utopia for himself both mentally and physically. By doing this, he, essentially, broke through the mold in which both British society and his parents had set for him when becoming stranded with only his thoughts and fears.\a hostile world of hunger and sickness, animal and human brutality, even the power to overcome his most dangerous adversary, himself\102-103). In doing so, Defoe is really criticizing the society in which he lived saying that the only truly peaceful and loving society is that which contains one person, though, as in Robinson Crusoe, maybe this is not the society in which humans are capable of living in. Just as Crusoe eventually saw his situation more optimistically, Defoe is saying that a society which is less critical of itself is one that is closer to utopia.

鲁滨孙漂流记>>中，叙述者发展形成对一个不幸的情况不容乐观，因此，为自己创建一个身体上和精神上的乌托邦。通过这样做，他基本上，打破了模具中，英国社会和他的父母已经为他设定的只有他的想法和恐惧时陷入困境。克鲁索找到力量克服饥饿和疾病充满敌意的世界，动物和人类的残忍，甚至能克服他最危险的对手，自己”（猎人102-103）。在这样做时，笛福真的是他所生活的社会批判说，只有真正的爱与和平的社会是包含一个人，虽然，在鲁滨孙漂流记，也许这并不是人类能够生活在社会。正如克鲁索最终看到他的情况比较乐观，笛福说，这是少批评自己的社会是一个更接近乌托邦。

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