(1) I want to talk with him. (The sentence meaning lays emphasis on the person who wants to talk.)
(2) I want to talk with him. (The sentence meaning relies on the action that the person wants to perform.)
(3) I want to talk with him. (The sentence meaning puts stress on the conversational partner with whom the person wants to communicate.)
3.4Substituting
We use substitution in nonverbal communication when we perform some action instead of speaking. Quite a few nonverbal messages are commonly use to take the place of words. If you see a very special friend, you are apt to enlarge the size of your smile and throw open your arms to greet him or her, which is a substitute for all the words it would take to convey the same feeling. If a group of people is boisterous, you might place your index finger to your lips as an alternative to saying, “Please calm down so that I can speak.” Sometimes, when we are too sad or excited to say anything, we just keep silent. Our silence may replace any verbal messages. In some situation verbal words are unnecessary for silence at the moment surpasses words. [6](P12) Before Iraq was intruded by the US, Iraqi ex-president Saddam Hussein fired toward the sky in the presence of the mass to show the anger and the decision of fighting against the US. (from TV report) The action the president showed would be more powerful than words that called on the Iraqi people to counterattack American troops. For deaf-mutes, born to be unable to communicate verbally like normal people, the sign language or gesture provides opportunity for them to communicate with others in the silent world. In this case, nonverbal communication replaces the function of verbal one.
For nonverbal communication to act as substitution, it must be interpreted in specific culture. Here are some examples: If we try to use our culture’s nonverbal substitutes in another culture, misunderstandings may occur. Arab men often greet by kissing on both cheeks. In Buddhism countries of Southeast Asia like Thailand, people greet with both hands closed in front of chest. In Japan, men greet by bowing, and in the United States, people shake hands. Americans who say “I” by pointing to their chests would not be understood in Japan, where “I” is symbolized by pointing to one’s nose.
3.5Regulating
We often regulate and manage communication by using some form of nonverbal behavior: we nod our head in agreement to indicate to our communication partner that we agree and that he or she should continue talking; or we remain silent for a moment and let the silence send the message that we are ready to begin our speech. Nonverbal behaviors usually represent the most efficient and least offensive means of regulating interaction. To say, “Shut up, Tom” may trigger a hostile and defensive reaction; to present the same message by eye contact or gesture is a more desirable way. Nodding and eye contact are two typical nonverbal hints that mean “I want to talk” and “It’s your turn to talk”. When we want to indicate we have finished speaking and the other person can start in a conversation, we may increase our eye contact with the other person. Conversely, if we want to keep the other from speaking, we may decrease eye contact and perhaps raise the volume. When we do not want to take a speaking turn, we might reinforce our head nods and maintain attentive eye contact. Rapid nods may signal the speaker to hurry up and finish while slow and silent nods usually indicate the speaker’s talking will continue.
百度搜索“77cn”或“免费范文网”即可找到本站免费阅读全部范文。收藏本站方便下次阅读，免费范文网，提供经典小说英语论文浅谈非言语交际及其在交际中的影响(4)在线全文阅读。
