英语读写教程4翻译and综合训练710(4)

Drugs are also a huge burden (11)_____ the world economy. In the United States, for example, it's estimated that alcohol and illegal drug use costs the country tens of billions of dollars each year, mainly (12)_____ health care. When the cost of tobacco related illnesses is added, (13)_____ total more than doubles.

Drugs are also closely (14)_____ crime. Many police forces no longer (15)_____ between illegal and legal drugs when fighting crime. In Australia, for example, experts (16)_____ that police in some parts of the country spend between 70 and 80 percent of their time dealing with alcohol-related incidents.

One explanation for the increase in drug (17)_____ is simply that people have more money to spend. Tobacco and alcohol companies are now (18)_____ much more on developing countries to take (19)_____ of greater wealth there. And criminals involved in the illegal drug trade are following (20)_____, introducing drugs into countries where they were previously hardly use. 翻译：

41Passage 2

Television has transformed politics in the United States by changing the way in which information is disseminated, by altering political campaigns, and by changing citizen's patterns of response to politics. By giving citizens independent access to the candidates, television diminished the role of the political party in the selection of the major party candidates. By centering politics on the person of the candidate, television accelerated the citizen's focus on character rather than issues.

Television has altered the forms of political communication as well. The messages on which most of us rely are briefer than they once were. The stump speech, a political speech given by traveling politicians and lasting 11/2 to 2 hours, which characterized nineteenth-century political discourse, has given way to the 30-second advertisement and the 10 second \bite\in broadcast news. Increasingly the audience for speeches is not that standing in front of the politician but rather the viewing audience who will hear and see a snippet of the speech on the news.

In these abbreviated forms, much of what constituted the traditional political discourse of earlier ages has been lost. In 15 or 30 seconds, a speaker cannot establish the historical context that shaped the issue in question, cannot detail the probable causes of the problem, and cannot examine alternative proposals to argue that one is preferable to others. In snippets, politicians assert but do not argue.

Because television is an intimate medium, speaking through it require a changed political style that was more conversational, personal, and visual than that of the old-style stump speech. Reliance on television means that increasingly our political world contains memorable pictures rather than memorable words. Schools teach us to analyze words and print. However, in a word in which politics is increasingly visual, informed citizenship requires a new set of skills, as much of the political activity we see on television news has been crafted by politicians, their speechwriters, and their public relations advisers for televised consumption. Sound bites in news and answers to questions in debates increasingly sound like advertisements. 翻译：

电视改变了美国政治的改变信息传播的方式，通过改变政治运动，并通过改变反应的公民政治模式。通过给予公民独立进入候选人，电视削弱了政党的作用的主要政党候选人的

选择。以政治上的候选人，电视加快公民关注角色而非问题。

电视同样也改变了政治传播的形式。对我们大多数人依靠信息是简短的比他们曾经是。的演讲，一个政治性的演讲旅行，政客和持续11 / 2至2小时，为19世纪的政治话语，已经让30秒的广告和10秒的“声口”的广播新闻。越来越多的演讲的听众是不是在站在政治家，而是观众谁会听到和看到的新闻上的一段讲话。

在这些缩写形式，什么构成了早期传统政治话语已经失去了。在15秒或30秒，发言人无法建立的历史背景型问题，不能详细阐述问题的可能原因，并无法检查替代建议认为，一种更可取。在片段中，政治家断言，但不争论。

因为电视是一个亲密的介质，通过它需要改变说话的风格，更多的是政治对话，个人，和视觉比老式的演讲。依赖电视意味着越来越多的政治世界中令人难忘的画面而不是令人难忘的话。学校教给我们的分析的话，打印。然而，在政治一词越来越视觉，知情的公民需要一套新的技能，尽可能多的政治活动，我们在电视上看到的新闻已经制作的政客，他们的演讲稿撰写人，以及他们的公共关系顾问的电视消费。在新闻和辩论越来越像广告，回答问题的声音叮咬。

57Passage 1

Many of the most damaging and life threatening types of weather torrential rains, severe thunderstorms, and tornadoes(龙卷风,)--begin quickly, strike suddenly, and disappear rapidly, destroying small regions while leaving neighboring areas untouched. Such event as a tornado struck the north eastern section of Edmonton, Alberta, in July 1987. Total damages from the tornado exceeded $ 250 million, the highest ever for any Canadian storm.

Conventional computer models of the atmosphere have limited value in predicting short lived local storms like the Edmonton tornado, because the available weather data are generally not detailed enough to allow computers to study carefully the subtle (微妙的)atmospheric changes that come before these storms. In most nations, for example, weather - balloon observations are taken just once every twelve hours at locations typically separated by hundreds of miles. With such limited data, conventional forecasting models do a much better job predicting general weather conditions over large regions than they do forecasting specific local events.

Until recently, the observation intensive approach needed for accurate, very short - range forecasts, or \of conventional weather stations was extremely high, and the difficulties involved in rapidly collecting and processing the raw weather data from such a network were hard to overcome. Fortunately, scientific and technological advances have overcome most of these problems. Radar systems, automated weather instruments, and satellites are all capable of making detailed, nearly continuous observation over large regions at a relatively low cost. Communications satellites can transmit data around the world cheaply and instantaneously, and modem computers can quickly compile and analyze this large volume of weather information. Meteorologists(气象学者) and computer scientists now work together to design computer programs and video equipment capable of transforming raw weather data into words, symbols, and vivid graphic displays that forecasters can interpret easily and quickly. As meteorologists have begun using these new technologies in weather forecasting offices, now casting is becoming a reality. 翻译：

许多最具破坏性和危及生命的天气暴雨，强烈的雷暴和龙卷风，（龙卷风，）——开始的很快，突然出现，迅速消失，破坏小区而不影响邻近地区。这样的事件作为一个龙卷风袭

击了埃德蒙顿，阿尔伯塔的东北部，在七月1987。从龙卷风的总损失超过250000000美元，有史以来最高的加拿大任何风暴。

大气的传统的计算机模型预测短暂的局部风暴像埃德蒙顿龙卷风的价值有限，因为可用的天气数据通常不足以使计算机研究的微妙（微妙的）大气变化，来之前，这些风暴。在大多数国家，例如，气象气球观测只服用一次，每十二小时在几百英里通常分开的地方。这些有限的数据，传统的预测模型能够较好地预测大范围的总体天气情况而不是具体的局部天气事件。

直到最近，准确的观察需要密集的方法，很短的距离预测，“现在把“，是不可行的。E表示和操作成千上万的常规气象站的非常高的成本，并参与了从网络上快速收集和处理气象数据的困难是难以克服的。幸运的是，科技的进步已经克服这些问题。雷达系统，自动气象仪器，和卫星都能够作出详细的，几乎连续观察过大的地区在一个相对较低的成本。通信卫星可以传输数据，世界各地的廉价和瞬间，和现代计算机可以快速收集和分析大量的气象信息。气象学家（气象学者）和计算机科学家共同设计的计算机程序，能够将天气数据转化为文字，视频设备的符号，生动的图形显示，用户可以更容易地。气象天气预报办公室已经开始使用这些新技术，现在铸造成为现实。

57Passage 2

Large animals that inhabit the desert have evolved a number of adaptations for reducing the effects of extreme heat. One adaptation is to be light in color, and to reflect rather than absorb the Sun's rays. Desert mammals also depart from the normal mammalian practice of maintaining a constant body temperature. Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body, which would involve the expenditure of water and energy, desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height, and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant's gazelles. The overheated body then cools down during the cold desert night, and indeed the temperature may fall unusually low by dawn, as low as 34 degrees Celsius in the camel. This is an advantage since the heat of the first few hours of daylight is absorbed in warming up the body, and an excessive buildup of heat does not begin until well into the day.

Another strategy of large desert animals is to tolerate the loss of body water to a point that would be fatal for non-adapted animals. The camel can lose up to 30 percent of its body weight as water without harm to itself, whereas human beings die after losing only 12 to 13 percent of their body weight. An equally important adaptation is the ability to replenish (Sheik) this water loss at one drink. Desert animals can drink huge volumes in a short time, and camels have been known to imbibe (吸收) over 100 liters in a few minutes. A very dehydrated person, on the other hand, cannot drink enough water to rehydrate at one session, because the human stomach is not sufficiently big and because a too rapid dilution of the body fluids causes death from water intoxication. The tolerance of water loss is of obvious advantage in the desert, as animals do not have to remain near a water hole but can obtain food from grazing sparse pastures. Desert-adapted mammals have the further ability to feed normally when extremely dehydrated, it is a common experience in people that appetite is lost even under conditions of moderate thirst. 翻译：

大型动物栖息在沙漠，具有一系列适应降低极端高温的影响。是一种适应彩色光，并反映而不是吸收太阳的光线。沙漠哺乳动物也离开保持恒定体温的正常哺乳动物的实践。而

不是试图降低身体内部的温度，这将涉及水和能量的消耗，沙漠哺乳动物们允许他们的温度上升到什么高度，通常会发热，温度为46摄氏度已在格兰威士忌瞪羚测得高。过热的身体然后冷却寒冷的沙漠夜晚，而且气温可能下降异常低的黎明，在摄氏34度为骆驼低。这是一个优势，因为白天的最初几小时内吸收热量升温的身体，和热过多堆积，不到一天的开始。

另一个策略是容忍大沙漠动物体内水分的流失，这一点就不适合动物是致命的。骆驼能减掉百分之30的体重是水不伤害本身，而人死只损失12到百分之13的体重后。一个同样重要的适应是补充能力（酋长）这一杯水的损失。沙漠里的动物能在短时间内喝大量，骆驼被吸收（吸收）超过100升，在几分钟内。一个脱水的人，另一方面，不能喝足够的水来补充一次，因为人的胃不够大，因为过快的体液稀释导致水中毒死亡。水流失的宽容是沙漠中的明显优势，因为动物没有保持水孔附近，但可以从稀疏的牧场放牧获得食物。适应荒漠哺乳动物饲料通常当极度脱水进一步的能力，它是人们共同的体验，也会失去胃口甚至适度口渴时。

75Passage 1

China’s medical system has to treat the world’s largest national population, a massive cohort that is rapidly aging. The illnesses that plague Chinese patients are shifting from life-threatening third-world ailments that can be treated relatively cheaply to the more complex and chronic infirmities of economically developed societies. It’s a daunting task — and an expensive one. Since China’s transition from a completely socialist model, medical bills have become one of the most common factors sending Chinese into poverty. That’s because hospitals have had their government funding slashed, forcing clinics to pass the cost burden to patients. In recent years, the central government has rolled out public health coverage to increase access to affordable care.

These reforms notwithstanding, China’s medical system is still deeply diseased, riddled

by corruption that impedes efficient care-giving and sends costs skyrocketing for patients. Beyond the proliferation of hongbao, hospitals recommend unnecessary but expensive tests and procedures to keep afloat departments now starved of public money. Extra fees for ambiguous items often end up on medical bills. Medical manufacturers and drug companies are also complicit, handing out cash to health workers in exchange for their products being used in hospitals.

China’s corrupt health care sector was exposed last month when foreign pharmaceutical giant GlaxoSmithKline was accused by government regulators of bribery and over-charging for its drugs. GSK staff in China have been detained and implicated in allegedly channeling up to $490 million through conduits to physicians and other medical staff to prescribe their drugs at inflated prices. In a statement GSK admitted that “certain senior executives…appear to have acted outside of our processes and controls which breaches Chinese law.” Other Western pharmaceutical companies are now being probed by government investigators, although these firms’ representatives maintain the inquiries are routine. Whatever the outcome, the fact remains that China’s doctors and clinics are woefully underfunded, leaving ample space for the kind of bribery that is poisoning the country’s health care system.

In Beijing, for instance, the average after-tax monthly income of a deputy chief physician is less than 3,000 yuan, or $480. Salaries for other Chinese white-collar professionals have dramatically increased in recent years but doctors’ wages have stagnated. “When I was young, being a doctor was still a highly esteemed job and salaries of doctors were comparatively high,”

says a senior surgeon at a top Beijing hospital. “Since Chinese doctors are now very underpaid, why are there still so many people who want to study medicine? One reason is that they are really interested in this job, and they can get professional satisfaction from curing patients. The second reason is hongbao and kickbacks.”

翻译：

中国是世界上人口最多的国家，且大量的人口在迅速老化。困扰中国患者的疾病，正在从第三世界国家那些相对较便宜就可以治疗的危及生命的疾病，转向经济发达社会更加复杂的慢性病。中国的医疗保健系统不得不面对这个艰巨且昂贵的任务。自从中国由一个完全的社会主义模式过渡出来，医疗费用已成为令中国人陷入贫困的最常见的因素之一。因为政府给医院的经费削减，迫使医院和诊所将成本转嫁给患者负担。

近年来，中央政府已推出了公共医疗保险，以提高能支付得起的医疗服务，但中国的医疗系统仍然被腐败搞得深度“患病”，千疮百孔，阻碍了有效的护理，并让病人们承担的费用暴涨。除了红包外，医院还建议病患进行不必要、但昂贵的检查。不清不楚的收费项目也经常出现在医疗账单里。医疗设备制造商和制药公司串通一气，给医疗工作人员送现金，以换取其产品在医院中被使用。

上个月，当外国制药巨头葛兰素史克公司被政府监管人员指控贿赂和药品定价过高时，中国腐败的医疗机构被曝光。葛兰素史克在中国的一些员工遭拘捕。葛兰素史克在一份声明中承认，“有几位高级行政人员...似乎没有依照我们的程序行事，违反了中国的法律。”其他西方制药公司也正在受调查。无论结果如何，事实仍然是中国的医生和诊所资金严重不足，给这种贿赂留下了足够的空间，来毒害这个国家的卫生保健系统。

例如，在北京，副主任医师平均每月税后收入在3000元人民币（480美元）以内。近年来，中国其他白领的薪金已大大增加，医生的工资却停滞不前。“当我年轻的时候，医生仍然是一个非常受人尊敬的工作，医生的工资相对是高的”，北京一家著名医院的资深外科医生说。“中国的医生现在工资是过低的，那为什么还有这么多人想学医呢？一个是他们真的对医生的工作感兴趣，可以从治愈患者上得到专业上的满足感。第二个原因是红包和回扣。”

75Passage 2

Art is considered by many people to be little more than a decorative means of giving pleasure. This is not always the case, however; at times, art may be seen to have a purely functional side as well. Such could be said of the sandpaintings of the Navaho Indians of the American Southwest; these have a medicinal as well as an artistic purpose.

According to Navaho traditions, one who suffers from either a mental or a physical illness has in come way disturbed or come in contact with the supernatural—perhaps a certain animal, a ghost, or the dead. To counteract this evil contact, the ill person or one of his relatives will employ a medicine man called a “singer” to perform a healing ceremony which will attract a powerful supernatural being.

During the ceremony, which may last from 2 to 9 days, the “singer” will produce a sandpainting on the floor of the Navaho hogan. On the last day of the ceremony, the patient will sit on this sandpainting and the “singer” will rub the ailing parts of the patient’s body with sand from a specific figure in the sandpainting. In this way the patient absorbs the power of that particular supernatural being and becomes strong like it. After the ceremony, the sandpainting is then destroyed and disposed of so its power will not harm anyone.

The art of sandpainting is handed down from old “singer” to their students. The material used are easily found in the areas the Navaho inhabit; brown, red, yellow, and white sandstone,

which is pulverized by being crushed between 2 stones much as corns is ground into flour. The “singer” holds a small amount of this sand in his hand and lets it flow between his thumb and fore-finger onto a clean, flat surface on the floor. With a steady hand and great patience, he is thus able to create designs of stylized people, snakes and other creatures that have power in the Navaho belief system.

翻译：

艺术是被许多人认为是一个多装饰给人带来愉悦感的手段。这是情况并非总是如此，然而；有时，艺术可以被视为一个纯粹的功能性的一面。这样可以说的纳瓦霍印第安人的美国西南sandpaintings；这些药物以及艺术的目的。 根据纳瓦霍人的传统，一个患有精神或身体疾病有办法来干扰或是与超自然的也许是某种动物，接触鬼，或死。为了抵消这种邪恶的接触，生病的人或者其亲属将采用药的人被称为“歌手”进行愈合仪式将吸引一个强大的超自然现象。

在仪式上，这可能会持续2到9天，“歌手”会产生对纳瓦霍人霍地板sandpainting。在仪式的最后一天，病人会坐在这sandpainting和“歌手”会生病的部分病人身体的沙子在sandpainting具体数字。这样的病人，特别是吸收了超自然的力量和强大喜欢。仪式结束后，随后的sandpainting销毁处理，不会伤害任何人。

sandpainting艺术流传下来的古老的“歌手”的学生。使用的材料是在地区的纳瓦霍人居住很容易找到；棕，红，黄，白，粉砂岩，被粉碎的2块石头之间多玉米磨成面粉。“歌手”在他手中持有少量的沙子让它流在拇指和食指之间，在干净的地板上，平坦的表面。一个稳定的手和极大的耐心，他能够创造风格的人设计的，蛇和其他动物，在纳瓦霍人的信仰系统的功率。

Sandpainting 沙画仪式

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