高一英语必修1--4 - 各单元语法点(2)

例如：This is the same bike that I lost.

4.先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that，而不用which.

例如：I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.

5..以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that. 例如：Who is the girl that is crying？

6.主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which.例如： There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.

7.先行词在主句和从句中都作表语时，只能用that. 例如：He is not the man that he once was. 8.先行词是the way时，只用that 不用that 的情况

1.先行词为that, those时，指物用which，指人用 who，而不用that. 例如：What’s that which is under the desk？

2.关系代词前有介词时，一般用which，而不用that.

例如：This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。 3.引导非限制性定语从句，用which，而不用that. 例如：Tom came back, which made us happy.

（5）、判断关系代词与关系副词

方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是我去年呆过的山村。 I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you. 我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。 判断改错：

（ ） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.

（ ） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （ ） This is the mountain village （which） I visited last year. （ ） I'll never forget the days （which） I spent in the countryside.

习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在引导词的误用上。

方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。

例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days ago?

A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.

A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago. 例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.

引导词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词（who, whom, that, which, whose）； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应

选择关系副词 （ where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语）。 （6）非限制性定语从句

非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。但是限制性定语从句不能被省略，否则句意就不完整。

1.which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 2.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：

Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.

3.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词，对其进行修饰，这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：

He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 4.有时as也可用作关系代词 5.在非限定性定语从句中，不能用关系副词why和关系代词that，而用who, whom代表人，用which, whose代表事物。

（7）as, which引导的非限制性定语从句

1.由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。 As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.

The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 2.as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点： (1）as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。

(2）as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。

如：It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park.. A. that B. which C. as D. it

(3) 当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which。 Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry. (4) as 的用法例

★the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。 I have got into the same trouble as he (has). ★as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。

例1As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 例2. As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health. As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；

例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。

（8）以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导，而且通常可以省略。

The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising.

（9）在下列情况下，一般只用 of whom 和 of which。

定语从句的主语是表示数量的词时，一般只用of whom和of which。数量词如：few, little, some, most, many, much, two, all , none, both, neither, each 等。 In the room are lots of people, many of whom I don’t know. (= In the room are lots of people and many of them I don’t know.) He has a lot of story-books, a few of which I have never read. (= He has a lot of story-books and a few of them I have never read.)

The old man has three children, two of whom are college students and one of whom is a manager.

(= The old man has three children and two of them are college students and one of them is a manager.)

There are fifty students in our class, all of whom are working hard.

（=There are fifty students in our class and all of them are working hard）

高中英语必修二

考点一 被动语态 （ unit 2， unit 3 ，unit 4）

一、被动语态的构成形式 1. 被动语态的基本时态变化

被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式, 被动语态由be＋过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变 化。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为： 1) am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般现在时 例Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.

2） has /have been done 现在完成时

例All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we're ready to start.

3） am/is /are being done 现在进行时 例A new cinema is being built here． 4） was/were done 一般过去时

例I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer. 5） had been done 过去完成时

例 By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.

6） was/were being done 过去进行时

例A meeting was being held when I was there.

7） shall/will be done/ be going to be done/ be about to be done/ be to be to done一般将来时

例Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes. 8） should/would be done/ was\\were going to be done/ was\\were about to be done/was\\were to be to done一般将来时

例The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived. 9） shall/will have been done 将来完成时（少用） 例The project will have been completed before July.

10） should/would have been done 过去将来完成时（少用） 例He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon. 2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式

1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。 例The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.

2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语， 另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。 例His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.

3) 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。

例Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.

4）在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。

例Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为A stranger was seen to walk into the building.

5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词＋介词”，“动词＋副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。

例The meeting is to be put off till Friday. 3. 非谓语动词的被动语态

v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态) 。 例I don't like being laughed at in the public. 二、 It is said that+从句及其他类似句型

一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句”或“主语＋be＋过去分词＋to do sth.”。有：

It is said that… 据说,It is reported that…据报道，It is believed that…大家相信，It is hoped that…大家希望，It is well known that…众所周知，It is thought that…大家认为，It is suggested that…据建议。

例It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （＝The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ）

三、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义 1.英语中有很多动词如 break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式 表达被动意义,主语通常是物。

例 This kind of cloth washes well. 注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。

试比较：The door won't lock． （指门本身有毛病）

The door won't be locked． （指不会有人来锁门, 指“门没有锁”是人的原因） 2. 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place,

break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。

例 How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？

3. 系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。 例Your reason sounds reasonable. 四、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义

在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义 。

1． 在need，want，require, bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。The house needs repairing（to be repaired）．这房子需要修理。

2． 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。 例The picture-book is well worth reading．（＝The picture-book is very worthy to be read．）

3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。

例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon． (to do与things是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系。)

试比较：I’ll go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者。)

4. 在某些“形容词＋不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。

例This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out省略了for me）. 5． 在too… to…结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。

例This book is too expensive (for me) to buy. 6. 在there be…句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。 例There is no time to lose（to be lost）．（用 to lose可看成for us to lose；用to be lost，谁 lost time不明确。）

7. 在be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。

例 Who is to blame for starting the fire?

五、介词in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义 表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。

1. “under +名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中”。常见的有：under control（受控制）, under treatment（在治疗中）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在讨论中）, under construction（在施工中）。

例The building is under construction( is being constructed).

百度搜索“77cn”或“免费范文网”即可找到本站免费阅读全部范文。收藏本站方便下次阅读，免费范文网，提供经典小说综合文库高一英语必修1--4 - 各单元语法点(2)在线全文阅读。