英语语言学精品考研10套试题(7)

试题

individual lexical items or strings of words may expand, narrow, or shift.?

On the other hand, though language change is universal and even vigorous in some cases, the truth of the matter is that it is never an overnight occurrence. The historical development of a language is hardly a sudden transformation of one language into another language, but a gradual and constant process, often indiscernible to speakers of the same generation.

42. Usually, adults are motivated to learn a second language because of a communicative need. They may learn a second language in order to use it functionally when they intend to use it as an instrument for the purpose of, for instance, securing a desirable job or passing an important examination, or socially when they intend to use it as a means to integrate themselves with the second language community. In certain situations an integrative motivation may be more powerful in facilitating successful second language learning, but in other situations instrumental motivations may count for more. Where the target language functions as a foreign language (used in a limited environment such as in school), the learner is likely to benefit from an integrative motivation; but where the target language functions as a second language (used as a primary means of communication in the community of the learner), an instrumental motivation is more effective.

Model Test 9

I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)

1. ( ) According to Chomsky, the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language is known as

__________.

A. performance B. competence C. langue D. parole

2. ( ) __________ are added to an existing form to create a word, which is a very common way

to create new words in English.? A. Inflectional affixes B. Free morpheme? C. Derivational affixes D. Stems ?

3. ( ) Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called transformational rules, whose

operation may change the __________ representation of a sentence.? A. syntactic B. generative? C. phrase structure D. base ?

4. ( ) Stating, commanding, describing, asserting, questioning and the like are __________ acts,

because they are sentences uttered in certain contexts, under certain conditions and with certain intentions.?

A. illocutionary B. locutionary? C. perlocutionary D. behaviorist?

5. ( ) __________ is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and

acquires a new, sometimes related meaning.? A.Semantic narrowing B. Semantic broadening C. Semantic borrowing D. Semantic shift

6. ( ) As regards the relationship between language and thought, those who hold that thinking

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and speaking are the same activity are said to be __________.? A. empiricists B. behaviorists ? C. mentalists D. structuralists ?

7. ( ) The __________ of the learner's interlanguage is believed to be a major source of incorrect

forms resistant to further instruction.? A. acculturation B.fossilization? C. motivation D. correction ?

8. ( ) An __________ is a logical participant in a predication.?

A. argument B. predicate? C. predication D. agent?

9. ( ) “avoid unnecessary prolixity” is one of the requirements in the maxim of __________.

A. quantity B. relation? C. quality D. manner?

10. ( ) Words that are opposite in meaning are __________.?

A. antonyms B. hyponyms ? C. synonyms D. homophones?

I. 1-5 BCAAD 6-10 CBADA

II. Directions: Fill in the blanks in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%)

11. The study of all these social aspects of language and its relation with society is known as s__________.

12. O__________, a compound can be written as one word with or without a hyphen in between, or as two separate words.?

13. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s__________ restrictions, i.e., constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.?

14. The meaning of a word may deviate from its original d__________ through the process of semantic broadening or narrowing.?

15. In a d__________ listening test, stimuli heard in the left ear are reported less accurately than those heard in the right ear. This phenomenon is known as the right ear advantage.?

16. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i__________.

17. Whorf has proposed that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on language, hence comes the strong notion of linguistic d__________.

18. The long vowels are all t__________ vowels and the short vowels are l__________ vowels. 19. __________ is a relation of inclusion.

20. A s__________ community is a group of people who form a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language.

II. 11. sociolinguistics 12. Orthographically 13. selectional 14. denotation 15. dichotic 16. intonation 17. determinism 18. tense, lax 19. Entailment 20. speech

Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for

true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is

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试题

false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)

21. ( ) There are actually many other communicative systems rather than human language that

are also rule governed.

22. ( ) Morphology is divided into three sub-branches: inflectional morphology, lexical

morphology and derivational morphology.

23. ( ) One advantage of componential analysis is that by specifying the semantic features of

certain words, it will be possible to show how these words are related in collocation.

24. ( ) The Great Vowel Shift in the history of English involves seven long, or tense vowels. 25. ( ) Left ear advantage proves that the left side of the brain is specialized for language and

that it is where language centers reside.?

26. ( ) In some sense we may use the term diachronic linguistics instead of historical linguistics. 27. ( ) From the sociolinguistic perspective, a speech variety is no more than a dialectal variety

of a language.?

28. ( ) Community jargon, as well as in-group language are popular address terms among some

particular social groups.?

29. ( ) Language acquisition begins at about the same time as lateralization does and is normally

completed by the time that the process of lateralization comes to an end.

30. ( ) The greatest source of modification of the air stream is found in the oral cavity. Ⅲ. 21-25 TFFTF 26-30TTFTT

IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×

10=30%)

31. speech act

32. historical and comparative linguistics

33. slang

34. linguistic relativism

35. interlanguage

36. affixes:

37. coinage

38. semantic narrowing

39. standard language

40. positive transfer Ⅳ.

31. Speech act is a basic unit of communication that includes perlocutionary, illocutionary, and locutionary aspects. Speech act is a communicative activity, defined with reference to the

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试题

intensions of the speaker while speaking and effects he achieves on his hearer. This speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Austin in the late 50’s of the 20th century. According to him, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act.

32. Historical and comparative linguistics is a study of ongoing changes that languages have undergone. It is historical because it deals with the historical development of individual languages. It is comparative in the sense that it aims at developing and elucidating the genetic relationships that exist between and among languages, classifying related languages into language families and reconstructing their ancestral languages.

33. Slang is a casual use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinages and figures of speech characterized by spontaneity and sometimes by raciness. The central characteristic of slang comes from the motive of its use: a desire for novelty, for vivid emphasis, for membership in a particular group or class of people whose “community argot” may be incomprehensible to an outsiders, or for being up with the time or a little ahead. For example, “grass” is criminal slang for “informer”, and “crib” means “cheat” in students’ slang. In informal English, the slang “chicks” are used to mean “young woman”.

34. Linguistic relativism refers to the belief that speakers of different languages perceive and experience the world differently, that is, relative to their linguistic background. It is a hypothesis proposed by an American linguist Benjamin Lee Whorf concerning language and thought.

35. Interlanguage refers to the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of a second language acquisition, it includes a series of internal representations that comprises the learner's interim knowledge of the target language. As a type of linguistic system in its own right, interlanguage is a product of the second language training, mother tongue interference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.

36. Affixes are morphemes attached to the root or stem. They are always bound morpheme. According to their function, affixes may be classified into two types: inflectional affixes such as “-ing”, “-er”, “-est”, “-’s” etc., and derivational affixes such as “be-” , “-en”, “dis-” etc. According to their position, affixes can be classified into two types: prefixes such as “un-” , “im-”, “il-” etc., and suffixes such as “-ly” , “-hood”, and “-ness” etc.

37. Coinage refers to the invention of a new word, often from the brand-name or trade-mark of a product. For example, xerox, kodak, nylon etc.

38. Semantic narrowing is a process in which the meaning of a word becomes less general or inclusive than its historically earlier meaning. For example, “wife” and “girl” in Old English were used respectively for “any woman” and “a young female or a young male” but in Modern English, their meanings have narrowed down to refer only to “married female” and a young female” respectively.

39. The standard language is a supposed, socially prestigious dialect of language. It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system, used by the mass media, and taught in educational institutions, including school settings where the language is taught as a foreign or second language. For example, the common speech of the Chinese language and King’s English in Britain.

40. In learning a second language, learners subconsciously use their native language knowledge. This is known as language transfer. Transfer can be positive or negative. Presumably, positive transfer occurs when a first language pattern is identical with, or similar to, a target language. For example, the French people find no difficulty in learning the English word “table” because it has the same meaning as the French word “table”.

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试题

V. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)

41. What are the main design features of human language?

42. How many morphemes are there in the English language? State what they are and illustrate how they work. Ⅴ.

41. There are many defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication, here only a few to mention: Arbitrariness means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds, this nature enables language to have an unlimited source of expressions; Productivity makes its users possible to construct and interpret any new signals, by means of which they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before; Duality means language consists of two sets of structures, or two levels; at the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless, but they can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which are found at the higher level of the system; Displacement designates that language users may refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far away places; At last, cultural transmission implies that language is culturally transmitted.?

42. There are two types of morphemes in the English language: free morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves such as help, table, room, etc.; bound morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word, it includes two types: a root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning, it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word. For example, the root “geo” bears the meaning of “the earth”, when it combines with another root “-ology”, meaning “a branch of learning”; affixes are morphemes that are added to an already existing morpheme to form a new word while changing its meaning and grammatical relations. It consists of both inflectional affixes and

derivational affixes. Model Test 10

I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)

1. ( ) __________ studies how sounds are put together to convey meaning in communication.

A. Phonology B. Morphology? C. Lexicology D. Phonetics

2. ( ) Stress in English is used to __________ semantically important words.?

A. signal B. stand out? C. identify D. single?

3. ( ) __________ represents the basis for the meaning of a sentence, although it is not supposed

to provide the full meaning of a sentence.? A. Surface structure B. Phrase structure? C. Transformational structure D. Deep structure?

4. ( ) If two lexical terms consist of the same components, they are __________.

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